FIB_R 阅读拖拽填空

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FIB_R 阅读拖拽填空

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1. McLuhan 麦克卢汉

McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be divided into four eras:   the acoustic age, the literary age, the print age and the electronic age. He outlined the concept in a 1962 book called The Gutenberg Galaxy, which was released just as the television was

starting to become popular. He predicted the world was entering the fourth, electronic age,

which would be characterized by a community of people brought together by technology. He     called it the "global village", and said it would be an age when everyone had  access to the same information through technology. The "global village" could be understood to be the internet.

麦克卢汉的杰出理论是他认为人类历史可以分为 divided  四个时代:音响时代、文学时代、

印刷时代和电子时代。他在 1962 年出版的一本名为《古腾堡星系》的书中概述

outlined  了这一概念， 发表了 released  电视将会流行。他预测 predicted 世界将进入第四 个时代， 电子时代的特征是人们通过技术聚集在一起。他将其称为“地球村”，并表示， 这将是一个人人都可以通过技术获取 access 相同信息的时代。“地球村”可以理解为互  联网。

2. What is music 何为音乐

What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question. Even the least musical among us can

recognize pieces of music when we hear them and name a few canonical examples. We know there are different kinds of music and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know   which kinds we like and which kinds we do not.

音乐是什么?从某种意义上说， 这是一个简单的问题 question。即使是我们当中最不懂音 乐的人， 听到音乐时也能认出来，并举出几个典型的例子 examples。我们知道有不同种 类的音乐，即使我们的音乐知识 knowledge 是有限的， 我们也知道自己喜欢什么，不喜 欢什么。

3. Durkheim 涂尔干

Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, turning his attention from psychology and philosophy to ethics and eventually, sociology. He graduated with a degree in philosophy in     1882. Durkheim's views could not get him a major academic appointment in Paris, so from

1882 to 1887 he taught philosophy at several provincial schools. In 1885 he left for Germany, where he studied sociology for two years. Durkheim’s period in Germany  resulted in the

publication of numerous articles on German social science and philosophy, which  gained

recognition in France, earning him a teaching appointment at the University of Bordeaux in 1887.

Durkheim 认为人文主义研究无趣，他将注意力从心理学和哲学转向伦理学，最终转向

turning 社会学。 他于 1882 年毕业并获得哲学学位. Durkheim  的观点无法让他在巴黎获得 重要的学术任命，所以从 1882 年到 1887 年，他在几所省级学校教授哲学。 1885 年，他  前往 left for 德国，在那里学了两年社会学。Durkheim 在德期间使得

resulted in 大量关于德国社会科学和哲学的文章出版，这些文章在法国得到了认可 gained recognition，并于 1887 年 0 波尔多大学获得了教学任命。

4. Octopus 章鱼

If consciousness comes in degrees, then how far along on the spectrum is the octopus?

Octopuses almost certainly feel pain. They nurse and protect injured body parts, and slow a preference not to be touched near wounds. In addition to feeling pain, octopuses also have

sophisticated sensory capacities: excellent eyesight, and acute sensitivity to taste and smell.    This, together with their large nervous systems and complex behavior makes it all but certain. The question of what subjective experience might be like for an octopus is  complicated by the odd relationship between its brain and body.

如果意识以度为单位，那么谱的距离是多少呢？ 章鱼几乎肯定会感到疼痛。 他们护理和 保护受伤的 injured 身体部位，并减缓不接触伤口附近的偏好。 除了感觉疼痛外，章鱼还 具有复杂的 sophisticated 感官能力：优异的视力，以及对味觉和嗅觉的敏锐敏感性。 这 与他们庞大的神经系统和复杂的 complex 行为一起使得它几乎可以肯定。关于章鱼的主  观体验可能是什么样的问题因其大脑和身体之间的奇怪关系而变得复杂

complicated

解析：

Complicated is something that is hard to explain.

Example: Her relationship with her boyfriend is complicated.

Complex is something that has many factors going into the problem or situation.

Example: Global warming is very complex so scientists have a hard problem finding a solution it.

Sophisticated is what you would use to describe something that is developed to high level.

Example: This piece of technology is very sophisticated, only trained workers are allowed to use it.

5. Reading process 阅读过程

Reading is an active process, not a passive one. We always read within a specific context, and   this affects what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a    text, and this will shape how we approach it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also determine the strategies we use to read the text.

阅读是一个主动的过程，而不是被动的 passive。我们总是在特定的specific 上下文中阅  读，这会影响我们注意到什么，以及什么是重要的。我们在阅读一篇文章时总是有一个目

的，而这将决定我们如何对待它 approach。我们的目的和背景知识也将决定 determine 我们阅读课文的策略。

6. Pullman historic district 普尔曼历史街区

Built in 1880 on 4,000 acres of land outside of the Chicago city limits, Pullman, Illinois, was the first industrial planned community in the United States. George Pullman, of the Pullman

railroad Car Company, built the south residential portion of the company town first, which contained 531 houses, some of which stand today more or less as they did originally.

1880 年，伊利诺伊州普尔曼市芝加哥市郊的 4000 英亩土地 land 上建成，是美国第一个 工业计划社区 community。普尔曼火车公司的乔治 ·普尔曼首先建造了公司镇的南部住 宅区，其中包括 531 栋房子 houses，其中一些现在或多或少像原来那样矗立着。

7. The Roman people 罗马民众

The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the French Revolution with either

indifference or derision. But as the months went by and the emigres who remained in the city were less and less hopeful of an early return home, the mood of the Romans became

increasingly antagonistic towards the ‘assassins of Paris’.The nationalization of Church

property in France, the confiscation of papal territories, the dwindling of contributions and the paucity of tourists and pilgrims all contributed to an exacerbation of this antagonism. When

the French Convention, determined to gain international recognition for the Republic, dispatched envoys to Rome, the people turned upon them in fury.

罗马人首先倾向对法国革命是漠视与嘲笑的derision 。 但是随着时间的流逝在城市中的流 亡者 emigres 越来越没有希望hopeful 返回家园， 罗马人变得越来越对法国的教堂产生   不同程度的诋毁，包括没收教皇的领土，减少捐款和骤减的游客和朝圣者都加剧了这种对 立。当法国公约决定获得国际公共的认可， 派遣 dispatched 使者去罗马，百姓向他们发  怒。

8. Biological systems 生物系统

Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have arisen from accidents or coincidences, their organization must come from natural selection, and hence  should have functions useful for survival and reproduction in the environments in which

humans evolved.

由于具有复杂 complex 工程迹象的生物系统不太可能产生于意外或巧合，它们的组织

organization 必须来自自然选择，因此应该具有对人类进化环境中生存和繁殖有用的功能 functions。

9. Psychoanalytic and behaviorist 精神分析与行为主义

Elements of both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories arrange in modern approaches   to personality. Advances in neuroscience have begun to bridge the gap between biochemistry and behavior, but there is still a great deal that needs to be explained. Without a consistent

understanding of personality, how can we begin to categorize risk takers? If we cannot, we will be unable to compare their genes with those of others.

精神分析学和行为主义理论的要素在现代人格研究方法中的运用 arrange 神经科学的进步 已经开始在生物化学和行为之间架起桥梁 bridge，但仍有很多需要解释的地方。没有对  个性的一致理解，我们如何开始对冒险者进行分类 categorize 如果我们不能， 我们将无  法比较 compare 他们和其他人的基因。

10.  Coral reef 珊瑚礁

Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not

surprisingly, a favorite pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support the livelihoods of over half a billion people. What is mo re, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is

expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite

frightening scenarios.

珊瑚礁比任何其他海洋生态系统都支持 support 更多的海洋生物， 并且毫不奇怪

surprisingly，它是许多潜水员最喜欢的追求。但是，除了物理和生物上的壮观外，珊瑚  礁还支持着超过 5 亿人的生计。更重要的是， 这个数字预计将在未来几十年翻一番 doubl e，而优质珊瑚礁的面积预计会减半。结合可能导致海水温度升高和海洋酸化的气候变化 的真正威胁，我们开始出现一些非常可怕的情况。

11.  Well-being 英国当今幸福情况

Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report is the  first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-being program     and will be updated and published annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy,    people and the environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or number of crimes against the person are presented alongside data on people’s thoughts and feelings, for

example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisure time and fear of crime. Together, a richer picture on ‘how society is doing’ is provided.

Life in UK 2012 提供了对当今英国福利的独特概述。该报告是由 Measuring National Well-b eing 计划所提供的在英国生活的第一个快照, 并将每年更新 updated 和发布。 就经济，人 和环境方面而言对福利进行讨论。 诸如失业率或针对该人的犯罪数量

number 等信息与人们的思想和感受数据data 一起呈现，例如，对我们的工作或休闲

leisure 时间的满意度以及对犯罪的恐惧。 共同提供了关于“社会如何做”的更丰富的图 景。

12.  American executive 美国行政

The American executive, unlike the British, has no connection with the legislature, and this lack of coordination between executive and legislature is one of the distinctive features of American federal government. The Constitution guarded against executive control by

disqualifying federal officials, whether civil or military, from membership in Congress.

美国的行政机构不像英国，与立法机构没有关联 connection，行政机构和立法机构之间缺 乏协调 coordination 是美国联邦政府独特的 distinctive 特点之一。宪法通过不授权 disqu   alifying 联邦官员的方法，从国会成员关系中，谨慎的制衡了行政机构的权力， 包括民事  机构或军事机构。

13.  Recruitment approaches 招聘方法

The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effective

recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar to

previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread the word without any special effort on the part of their program. Other, less

personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper

advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for newer programs. New York uses a

print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of

diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired

invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the     New York Times, for example, ran a story about the district's alternative route program, 2,100 applications flooded in over the next six weeks.

这里所代表的六个项目报告说，口碑营销是迄今为止他们最有效 effective、最有效的招

聘工具，尤其是因为它通常会产生与之前成功候选人相似的候选人。此外，令人满意的候 选人和学校系统很可能会在不需要任何特别努力的 effort 情况下传播spread 他们的计

划。其他一些不那么个人化的广告方式，如广播和电视广告，以及当地报纸广告，也被证 明是卓有成效的，尤其是 especially 对较新的节目。纽约利用平面广告来激励不满的专业 人士成为教师。地铁海报向疲惫不堪或幻想破灭的专业人士发出挑衅性的信息

messages。“厌倦了收益递减?”“投资纽约孩子”只是麦迪逊大街上众多受启发的邀请 之一。新闻报道也被证明是替代节目的福音 boon。例如，当《纽约时报》刊登了一篇关 于该地区另类路线项目的报道后，在接下来的六周内，2100 份申请如潮水般涌来。

14.  Pre-Raphaelite 拉斐尔前派

Pre-Raphaelitism was Britain's most significant and  influential 19th-century art movement.

Founded in 1848, it centered on a group of three young artists: William Holman Hunt, Dante     Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais. These artists sought to revive English art by radically turning away from the old studio tradition and bringing painting into direct contact with

nature. With an eye for absolute accuracy, every detail was now to have intense realist as well as symbolic meaning.

前拉斐尔主义是英国 19 世纪最重要、最具影响力的艺术运动。它成立于 1848 年，以三位

年轻艺术家为中心 centered:威廉 ·霍尔曼 · 亨特、但丁 ·加布里埃尔 ·罗塞蒂和约

翰 ·埃弗雷特 ·米莱斯。这些艺术家试图从根本上摆脱旧的画室传统 tradition，使绘画  与自然直接接触 contact ，从而复兴英国艺术。为了绝对准确 accuracy，每一个细节现在 都有强烈的现实主义和象征 symbolic 意义

15.  Career 雇佣生涯

Finding challenging or rewarding employment may mean retraining and moving from a stale or boring job in order to find your passion and pursue it. The idea is to think long range and      anticipate an active lifestyle into later years — perhaps into one’s 80s or 90s. Being personally productive may now mean anticipating retiring in stages. This might  indicate going to an

alternate plan should a current career end by choice or economic chance.

找到一份有挑战性或有回报 rewarding 的工作可能意味着重新接受培训，从一份枯燥乏味 的工作中走出来，找到你的激情 passion 并去追求它。这个想法是为了长远考虑，并期待 一种积极的生活方式到晚年——也许到一个人的八九十岁。现在，个人富有成效可能意味 着分阶段退休。这可能表明， 如果当前的职业生涯因选择或经济机会而结束， 你会选择另 一个计划 plan。

16.  Fingerprints 指纹

Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a crime scene, there will  be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identify an

individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.

指纹可以证明 prove 嫌疑犯确实在犯罪现场。只要一个人进入犯罪现场，就会留有 DNA 的痕迹。DNA 可以帮助警方确认 identify 个人（信息） 来破案。伦敦的一家研究所可以 帮助保存 reserve DNA，并用于与犯罪现场的 DNA 样本 sample 进行比对.

解析：

Prove: [T] to show that something is true

Identify: [T] to recognize a problem, need, fact, etc. and to show that it exists.

Determine: [T] to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen; to make a strong decision; to discover the facts or truth about something.

17.  Dendrochronology 年轮学

A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the

amount of rain and the season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct past climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet

period, and a series of narrow rings means a drought.

树木年代学的一个好处是，每个年轮的宽度和子结构反映了 reflect  降雨量和那年降雨的 季节 season 。因此，对树木年轮的研究也使人们能够重建过去的 past 气候; 例如，一系 列 series 宽的年轮意味着雨季，一系列窄的年轮意味着干旱 drought。

解析：

past=[only before noun,仅用于名词前] done, used, or experienced before now.（广义上的以前）

previous=[only before noun,仅用于名词前] having happened or existed before the event, time, or thing that you are talking about now. （强调经历过的事件的之前，而不是物）

18.  Chaucer's Tales 乔叟的故事

Chaucer's Tales quickly spread through England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel

The Canterbury Tales reached their instant and continued success because of their accurate

and oftentimes vivid portrayal of human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer's time George Macy, founder of The Limited Editions Club wrote on The Canterbury Tales.

乔叟的故事在十五世纪早期迅速传遍 spread 英国。学者们认为，《坎特伯雷故事集》之 所以能迅速取得 reached 持续的成功，是因为它准确而又时常生动地 vivid 描绘了人性。  自乔叟时代、限量版俱乐部创始人乔治?梅西在《坎特伯雷故事集》上发表文章以来的 60 0 年间，《坎特伯雷故事集》始终如一。

解析：

vivid : 普通用词，侧重有强烈的实际感或逼真感， 使人富于想象或留下深刻的印象。

picturesque : 既指景色、人物等犹如图画般美丽，又可指文艺作品的风格绚丽多彩，尤指 一种原始粗犷的美

19.  Smart organisms 聪明的微生物

Some of the most basic organisms are smarter than we thought. Rather than moving about

randomly, amoebas and plankton employ sophisticated strategies to look for food and might   travel in a way that optimizes their foraging. Immediately after an amoeba turned right, it was twice as likely to turn left as right again, and vice versa, they told a meeting of the American

Physical Society meeting in Denver, Colorado, last week. This suggests that the cells have a rudimentary memory, being able to remember the last direction they had just turned in.

一些最基本的生物体比我们想象的更聪明。阿米巴变形虫和浮游生物不是随机移动， 而是 采用复杂的策略 strategies 寻找食物，并可能以一种优化 optimizes 觅食的方式游行。他  们上周在科罗拉多州丹佛市召开的美国物理学会会议上称，变形虫向右转后， 它向左转的 可能性是向右转的两倍，反之亦然。这表明这些细胞具有基本的记忆能力 memory，能够 记住它们刚刚转向的最后一个方向。

20.  Linguistic effects 语言效果

An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the     central role of discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In particular, the ideas that

people hold about how language works ( linguistic ideologies) combine with linguistic

structuring to create powerful, often unconscious effects. In recent years, linguistic

anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely analytic tools for tracking those effects.

这种把语言作为法律认识论的窗口的观点的一个重要推论是，话语 discourse 对法律和其 他社会文化过程的中心作用。特别是，人们对语言如何运作语言 linguistic 意识形态的观 点 ideas 与语言结构相结合，产生了强大的、通常来讲无意识的影响。近年来，语言人类 学家在开发更精确的分析工具 tools 来追踪这些影响方面取得了很大进展。

21.  High-protein diet 高蛋白饮食

In our studies, those people on a high-protein diet lost the same amount of weight as those on  a higher-carbonhydrate diet, since the two diets offered an equal amount of kilojoules and the same amount of fat. However, body composition (that is, the ratio of fat to muscle) showed

greater improvement among those people on the higher-protein diet. When the participants in other studies were allowed to eat until they were no longer hungry, those on the higher -

carbonhydrate diet, even after more than a year. The reduction in hunger and the beneficial  effect on muscle provided by the higher-protein diet is mostly related to its protein content, while the reduced triglyceride levels and enhanced fat-loss seem to be related to its lower

amounts of carbonhydrate. The diet is healthy because its protein comes from lean red meat, fish, chicken and low-fat dairy products, all of which provide good nutrition. A high-protein     diet in which the protein comes from protein powders and supplements is unlikely to be

healthy, unless the supplements and are fortified with vitamins and minerals.

在我们的研究中，那些吃高蛋白食物的人和吃高碳水化合物食物的人减掉的体重是一样  的，因为这两种食物提供了 offered 等量的千焦和等量的脂肪。然而，在高蛋白饮食的人

群中，身体组成(即脂肪与肌肉的比例)显示出更大的改善。当其他研究的参与者

participants 被允许一直吃到他们不再饿为止时，那些吃高碳水化合物食物的人，甚至是  在一年多以后。高蛋白饮食能 provided 减少饥饿感和对肌肉的有益影响，主要与高蛋白  饮食的蛋白质含量有关，而甘油三酯水平的降低和脂肪损失的增加似乎与低碳水化合物的 含量有关。这种饮食是健康的，因为它的蛋白质来自精瘦的红肉、鱼、鸡和低脂奶制品， 所有这些都提供了良好的营养。高蛋白饮食中蛋白质来源于蛋白粉和补品，除非补品中加 强 fortified 维生素和矿物质， 否则不太可能是健康的。

22.  No parents 离家上学

For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living away from      home for an extended period of time. It is a definite break from home. The individual's usual sources of support are no longer present to facilitate adjustment to the unfamiliar

environment. Here are tips for students which may provide realistic expectations concerning living arrangements and social life on campus. In addition, students may benefit from

information concerning resources available to them at the Counseling Center.

对于许多大一新生来说，大学可能是他们第一次长时间 extended period of time 远离家乡 生活的经历 experience。这是绝对意义上 definite 离开家庭生活。个人平时的支持来源 s   ources 不再存在，以促进 facilitate （学生）适应并不熟悉的环境。以下是为学生提供的  一些建议，可能会让他们对校园的生活安排 arrangements 和社交生活产生现实的期望 ex pectations。此外， 学生还可以从咨询中心提供的资源信息中获益。

23.  Descendants of the Maya 玛雅后裔

Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as the corn

people. The phrase is not intended as metaphor . Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their

abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost nine thousand years. Forty percent of the calories a Mexican eats in a day comes directly from corn, most of it in the form of tortillas. So when a Mexican says I am maize or corn walking, it is simply a

statement of fact: The very substance of the Mexicans body is to a considerable extent a manifestation of this plant.

居住在墨西哥的玛雅人的后裔有时仍称自己为“玉米人”。这个短语不是用来比喻的

metaphor。相反，这是为了承认 acknowledge 它们对这种神奇的草的长期依赖，这种草  是它们近九千年来的主食 staple。墨西哥人一天摄入的热量有 40%直接来自玉米，其中大 部分是以玉米饼的形式存在的。因此，当一个墨西哥人说我是玉米或玉米行走，这只是一 个事实:墨西哥人身体的实质在很大程度上是这种植物的表现 manifestation。

24.  Lake Turkana 图尔卡纳湖

Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This part of Africa was home to some of the first humans. Here, archaeologists have found piles of bones (both human and animal) and

collections of stones that humans used as tools. By carefully uncovering and examining these remains, scientists have started to put together the story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4 million year-old skeleton was uncovered in the area. Although a link between it and modern -    day humans has not been established, the skeleton shows the species was walking upright.

图尔卡纳湖是东非肯尼亚的一个大湖泊。非洲的这一地区 part 是首批人类的家园。在这  里，考古学家发现了成堆的骨头 bones（人和动物）和人类用作工具的石头。通过仔细地 发现和检查 examining 这些遗迹，科学家们开始整理我们最早祖先的故事。 2001 年，该  地区发现了一具有 400 万年历史的骨骼。虽然它与现代人类之间的联系还没有建立，但  骨骼显示这个物种是直立行走的。

25.  Complementary therapies 补充疗法

Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors, and

acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.     Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of

complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and  scientific research into their   efficacy.

在过去的几十年 decades 里，辅助疗法——如那些被自然疗法医生、脊椎推拿疗法医生  和针灸疗法医生所实践的 practiced 疗法——在澳大利亚越来越受欢迎。起初， 人们的兴 趣与对改变生活方式的热情 enthusiasm 不期而遇， 与此同时，移民以及与中国接触和贸 易的增加也产生了影响 influence。目前正在以下若干领域重新审查补充疗法的现状:法律 管制; 医生协会的立场;纳入医学教育;并对其功效 efficacy 进行科学研究。

26.  London's National Portrait Gallery 伦敦国家画像馆

London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year career of

photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty one portraits on display depict key figures in literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s, subsequent to the acquisition of forty     portraits by Lousada, the display at the National Portrait Gallery highlights shots taken     between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book Public Faces Private     Places(2008) . Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind the scenes

photographs taken on films sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.

伦敦国家肖像画廊正在庆祝摄影师桑德拉 · 卢萨达 50 周年的职业生涯 career 。公开展出 的 21 幅画像描述了 1960 年代早期起的文学、电影和时尚届中的关键人物 figures。在 Lo usada 收购四十肖像之后, 国家肖像画陈列馆的展出 display 强调了拍摄在 1960 年至 1964  年之间的照片,其中许多照片是 Lousada 2008 年的书《公共面孔私人空间》的重要组成部 分 feature 。正式委托肖像与幕后拍摄的电影和在家拍摄的无人看守的肖像画像一起展

27.  E-learning 远程学习

E-learning is the new way forward. We believe passionately in e-learning. Our innovative

approach opens up new opportunities for busy professionals that simply did not previously

exist - the chance to combine a prestigious Masters program with a demanding professional

and personal life. Our small virtual classrooms facilitate intensive interaction and collaboration among professionals from all over the world.

电子学习是一个新的发展方向。我们 passionately 坚信电子学习。我们的创新方式为忙碌 的专业人士提供了前所未有的新机会 opportunities，即将一个享有盛誉的硕士项目与高  要求的专业和个人生活 life 结合起来的机会 chance。我们的小型虚拟教室促进了来自世  界各地的专业人士之间的密集互动 interaction 和合作。

28.  Choice of Investments 投资选择

Men and women are making different choices about their retirement savings, which could lead  to very different investment outcomes, according to Dr Claire Matthews, Director of Financial     Planning at Massey University's Centre for Banking Studies. Speaking at the 2012 New Zealand Finance Colloquium, held at Massey University's Albany campus last week, Dr Matthews said      demographic characteristics had a substantial impact on the choices people made about

KiwiSaver funds and retirement savings more generally.When it came to fund selection, she found there were significant differences based on gender. Men are more likely to invest in      aggressive and growth funds, while women are more likely to choose conservative funds.     "Males are risk takers, whether it's in their choice of car or their investment fund," she says.

"But when it comes to long-term savings, risk taking can actually be an advantage." Dr

Matthews also found that men are more likely than women to have prior savings when joining  KiwiSaver. Just over half of male respondents said they had savings already, while only 38% of women did. "These figures reflect and confirm, quite disappointingly, the difference between

males and females and the level of interest they take in financial planning," Dr Matthews says . "It's important for all New Zealanders to be better educated about their personal finances, but this is particularly so for women." Other demographic factors, including age, ethnicity,

education, and income, can also influence the choices being made about retirement savings.     Dr Matthews found that those with bachelor and higher degrees, and those in households with a pre-tax income of $100,000 or more, were more likely to choose aggressive and growth

funds. On the other hand, both the youngest and oldest age groups were more likely to be

invested in conservative funds. While this might be appropriate for the life-cycle stage of older investors, it might not be so appropriate for younger, longer-term investors.

growth funds 增长型基金

conservative funds 稳健型基金

29.  Intellectual challenge 智力挑战

So some of the time an intellectual challenge is to assimilate how similar we can be to others

species. In other cases the challenge is to appreciate how, though human physiology

resembles that of other species, we use the physiology in novel ways. We activate the classical physiology of vigilance while watching a scary movie. We activate a stress response when

thinking about mortality. We secrete hormones related to nurturing and social bonding, but in response to an adorable baby panda. And this certainly applies to aggression - we use the

same muscles as does a male chimp attacking a sexual competitor, but we use them to harm someone because of their ideology.

所以一些时候智力挑战是来类比我们和其他物种到底能有多相似。在一些其他案例当中， 这个挑战就是去鉴别人体生理学和其他物种有多么相似 resemble 我们以新奇的方式来应  用生理学。当看恐怖电影时， 我们刺激到了一个典型的警惕生理机能。当我们考虑死亡的 时候我们刺激到了应激反应 stress response 生理机能。但是在面对一个可爱的熊猫宝宝  时，我们会分泌出与培育和社会连结有关的荷尔蒙。并且这肯定可以运用 certainly applie  s 到面对侵害时，我们使用相同的肌肉当一个雄性黑猩猩攻击他的性竞争对手， 但是我们 也用这些肌肉来伤害别人因为他们的意识形态

30.  Hippocrates 希波克拉底

Hippocrates allowed observation, rationality and his own genuine respect for his patients to guide his practice (Garrison 94) . Using the scientific method, he carefully recorded his

patient's symptoms and responses to treatments, and used the data gathered to evaluate and prescribe the most successful regimens. His prestige as a great medical practitioner, educator, and author helped spread these ideals of rational medicine throughout the ancient world.

希波克拉底允许观察， 理性 rationality 和他自己对病人的真正尊重来指导 guide 他的实践 （加里森 94）。运用科学的方法，他仔细记录 recorded 了病人的症状和对治疗的反应 re  sponses，并利用收集的 gathered 数据来评估和开出最成功的治疗方案。他作为一名伟大 的医学从业者 practitioner、教育家和作家的声望， 帮助将这些“理性”

rational 医学的理念传播到整个古代世界。

31.  Ice Age 冰川时代

At the end of the last ice age, the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the North Atlantic and caused a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Even though the rest of the planet was  warming up, the North Atlantic region remained in a cold period for 1300 years. The same

thing happened around 8000 years ago, when the cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it could happen again today. Even a short period of cooling in the North Atlantic could have a

dramatic effect on the wildlife, and the human populations, living there.

在上一个冰河时代末期，融化的冰扰乱了北大西洋洋流， 导致 caused 气温下降了近 5

度。尽管 even though 地球的其他部分正在变暖 up，北大西洋地区仍然处于 1300 年的寒 冷期。同样的事情发生在大约 around 8000 年前，当时冷却持续了大约 100 年，今天又可 能发生。即使是在北大西洋短暂的降温，也可能 could 对生活在那里的野生动物和人类产 生巨大的影响。

解析：

even though 引导的从句内容是事实， 比如 even though it is sunny today;    even if 引导从句内容是不肯定的，比如 even if it might be sunny tomorrow

32.  Nutrition 营养学

Since nutrition scientists are constantly making new discoveries, we need to revise our

recommendations for healthy eating from time to time.  However, nutrition is an art as well as a science. It's an art because it requires creativity to develop a healthy eating plan for people     who differ in their food preferences, beliefs and culture, let alone in their nutritional needs

according to their genes and life stage. As we discover more about how our genes and our environment interact, it's becoming increasingly difficult to provide a single set of dietary recommendations that will be suitable for everyone.

由于营养学家不断地做出新的发现， 我们需要不时地修改我们对健康饮食的建议

recommendations 。然而，营养既是一门艺术，也是一门科学 science。这是一门艺术，

因为它需要创造性地为那些在食物偏好、信仰和文化上有所不同的人制定一个健康的饮食 计划，更不用说根据他们的基因和生活阶段来制定他们的营养需求了。随着我们更多地发 现基因和环境如何相互作用 interact，提供一套适合suitable 每个人的饮食建议变得越来 越困难。

解析

几种常见的【建议】

【suggestion】： an idea, plan, or possibility that someone mentions or the act of mentioning; Used in the sense of giving an idea.

【recommendation】: official advice given to someone, especially about what to do；表示推荐 【advise (verb)  】- to tell somebody what you think they should do in a particular situation.

【advice (n.)】 an opinion or a suggestion about what somebody should do in a particular situation.   Usually use in the sense to counsel. listen to sb ’s advice

(=pay attention to someone ’s advice) 听从某人的建议（一般搭配）

associate 只是单纯的联系，比如说，I associate 还珠格格 with 暑假。

interact 指互相有影响， have an effect of each other,  比如说这里的是说，基因和环境相互影响，所以很 难给出适合所有人的饮食建议

33.  Critical thinking 辩证思维

Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and examining it from many different angles and perspectives. It involves going beyond the obvious or

beyond “easy” to seek new understanding and rare solutions. It involves looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known problems with new skepticism, everyday conflicts with    probing curiosity, and daily challenges with greater attention to detail.

批判性思维包括观察你可能见过很多次的东西，从不同的角度 angles 和角度来审视它。

它涉及到超越显而易见的obvious 范畴或超出“容易”的范畴去寻求新的理解和罕见的解 决方案 solution。它包括用不寻常的眼光看待常见的问题，用新的怀疑主义看待已知的问 题，用探究性的好奇心 curiosity 看待日常冲突，用更关注细节的态度看待日常挑战。

34.  Selfies 自拍

To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the researchers

combed through 2.5 million selfie posts on Instagram to determine what kinds of identity

statements people make by taking and sharing the photos. Nearly 52 percent of all selfies, fell into the appearance category: pictures of people showing off their make-up, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks were two times more popular than the other 14 categories combined. After    appearances, social selfies with friends, loved ones, and pets were the most common (14

percent). Then came ethnicity pics ( 13 percent), travel (7 percent), and health and fitness (5

percent). The researchers noted that the prevalence of ethnicity selfies (selfies about a

person’s ethnicity, nationality or country of origin) is an indication that people are proud of

their backgrounds. They also found that most selfies are solo pictures, rather than taken with a group. The data was gathered in the summer of 2015. The research team believes the study is    the first large-scale empirical research on selfies. Overall, an overwhelming 57 percent of

selfies on Instagram were posted by the 18 to 35 year -old crowd, something the researchers

say isn't too surprising considering the demographics of the social media platform. The under - 18 age group posted about 30 percent of selfies. The older crowd (35 plus) shared them far less  frequently (13 percent) . Appearance was most popular among all age groups. Lead author Julia Deeb Swihart says selfies are an identity performance — meaning that users carefully craft the

way they appear online and that selfies are an extension of that. This evokes William

Shakespeare's famous line: "All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players."

为了更好地理解自拍， 以及人们如何在网上形成自己的身份，研究人员梳理了

Instagram 上的 250 万条自拍帖子，以确定人们通过拍照和分享照片，会做出什么样的身 份表述。在所有自拍中，近 52%的可以归类为fall into“外貌类” :人们炫耀妆容、衣服、 嘴唇等照片。外貌类照片的受欢迎程度是其他 14 类照片总和的两倍。在在外貌类照片之 后（after），与朋友、爱人和宠物的社交自拍是最常见(14%)。接下来是种族类照片(1

3%)、旅游类照片(7%)和健康健身类照片(5%)。研究人员指出 noted，种族自拍(关于一个 人的种族、国籍或原籍国的自拍)的盛行表明，人们对自己的背景感到自豪。他们还发

现，大多数自拍都是单人照， 而不是集体照。这些数据是在 2015 年夏天收集的。研究小  组认为，这是第一次大规模的自拍实证研究。总的来说 Overall ，Instagram 上 57%的自拍 照是由 18 岁至 35 岁的人群发布的。研究人员表示，考虑到 considering 这个社交媒体平  台的用户构成， 这并不奇怪。18 岁以下的人群上传了大约 30%的自拍。年龄较大的人群  (35 岁以上)分享这些信息的频率要低得多(13%)。外表在所有年龄组中最受欢迎。该研究   报告的主要作者茱莉亚?迪布?斯威哈特说， 自拍是一种身份表现，也就是说， 用户会精心 设计自己在网上的形象，而自拍则是这种形象的延伸。这让人想起了莎士比亚的名言:

“整个世界是一个舞台，所有的男人和女人只是演员。”

35.  New ideas 新想法

First, new ideas are the wheels of progress. Without them, stagnation reigns. Whether you’re a designer dreaming of another world, an engineer working on a new kind of structure, an

executive charged with developing a fresh business concept, an advertiser seeking a

breakthrough way to sell your product, a fifth-grade teacher trying to plan a memorable school assembly program, or a volunteer looking for a new way to sell the same old raffle tickets, your ability to generate good ideas is critical to your success.

首先，新思想是进步的车轮 wheel。没有了它们，经济就会停滞不前 stagnation

reigns。无论你是一个梦想着另一个世界的设计师，一个致力于一种新结构的工程师

engineer ，一个负责开发新商业概念的高管 executive ，一个寻求突破性销售方式的广告 商，一个五年级的老师，一个试图计划一个难忘的学校集会项目 assembly，或者一个志 愿者，寻找一种新的销售方式，都可以。他同样是旧的抽奖券， 你产生 generate 好主意 的能力对你的成功至关重要。

。

36.  Number and form 数字与形式

Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of the market, from the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces. Drawing on  science, literature, history and philosophy, and introducing geniuses from Alcibiades, the

enfant terrible of Athens, to Gauss, the Mozart of numbers, this inspiring book makes the mysteries of maths accessible and its rich patterns brilliantly clear.

数字和形状是我们这个世界的本质:从星图 patterns 到市场的脉搏，从我们的心跳 beats  到接球或系鞋带。这本鼓舞人心 inspiring  的书，利用了科学， 文学，历史和哲学（的知 识），并介绍了天才 geniuses，从被誉为可怕的雅典的孩子的亚西比德到被称为数字莫 扎特的高斯，使数学的奥秘更容易理解并且让其丰富的模式一目了然。

37.  Wind V2 风 版本二

Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles an

hour. Winds can travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body faster when it is windy. Weather forecasters need to know the speed and

direction of the wind. The strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind

force 0 when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.

风是空气的运动。有些风的速度可以和 as 赛车一样快， 时速超过 100 英里 hour 的风可以 环游世界。风会让你感到寒冷，因为当有风的时候，你的身体会更快地 faster 失去热

量。天气预报员需要知道 know 风速和风向。风力是用蒲福等级来测量的，从无风时的风 力到 12 级的风力，12 级的风力可以破坏房屋和建筑物，称为飓风力。

38.  The nature of human 人的天性

Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence and evolutionary psychology have resulted in new ways of thinking about human nature. Can we explain the  mind and consciousness in terms of brain function? Can we understand modern human

behavior in terms of our evolutionary heritage? Is science even the right place to start if we  want to understand human nature? Come along the Great Debate, hear the arguments and have your say.

神经科学、人工智能和进化心理学等领域的现代发展，催生了思考人性的新方式 ways 。 我们能从大脑功能的角度 terms 来解释大脑和意识吗?我们能从进化遗产的角度来理解现 代人类的行为吗?如果我们想要了解人类的本性，甚至科学真的是正确的起点 place  吗?来 参加这场伟大的辩论， 听听他们的观点，说出你的观点 say。

39.  Education and well-being 受教育与幸福

Education and well-being have often been associated. The idea that education can promote       individual well-being indirectly, by improving earnings and promoting social mobility, is an old one; so are notions of education helping to promote the good society by contributing to

economic growth and equality of opportunity.

教育和幸福经常是联系 associated 在一起的。教育可以通过提高 improving 收入和促进 社会 social 流动来间接促进个人福祉的观点由来已久; 通过促进 contributing 经济增长和 机会平等，教育有助于促进良好社会的这种观念也是如此。

40.  Breton language 布列塔尼语

It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth century the new country was established and known as "Lesser Britain", but for many centuries its

language remained close to the one of Great Britain - very close even to the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth century is the milestone where  Breton, Cornish and Welsh are

considered as different languages.

很难说清楚布雷顿语是什么时候诞生的。早在第六个世纪，这个新国家就建立

established 了，并被称为“小不列颠”，但在许多世纪里，它的语言仍然 remained 接近 大不列颠之一，甚至与西南部的方言也非常接近。第八世纪是布雷顿、康沃尔和威尔士被 视为 considered 不同语言的里程碑。

41.  The University of Maryland 马里兰大学

The University of Maryland boasts 78 academic programs ranked in the top 25 nationally and     29 academic programs in the top 10 according to U.S. News and World report. By drawing top - notch faculty, attracting the brightest students and investing in the quality of our academic

programs, we are a force to reckon with on a national basis.

据《美国新闻与世界报道》(U.S. News and World report)报道，马里兰大学拥有 78 个全国 排名 ranked 前 25  的学术项目，29 个排名前 10  的学术项目。通过吸引一流的教师， 吸引 最聪明的学生以及在我们的学术项目质量方面的投资 investing，我们是国家的基础上 bas is 需要认真对待的有影响力的机构。

解析：

on a basis of=以…为基础；

而 level 要和 on 搭配，只有这个用法， on a level of  在某种程度上； on a level with ： adv. 和…相等， 和…同一水准；

42.  Stock of Australian housing 澳洲住房存量

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on

average with decreasing proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This article examines the changes in household size and     number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.

澳大利亚住宅保有量在逐步发展 evolving，目前的住宅平均卧室数比 10 年前的住宅多。

与此同时，家庭平均规模越来越小， 有孩子的夫妻家庭比例 proportion 越来越低 decreasing，只有夫妻和单身的家庭越来越多 increasing。本文分析了 article

examines 1994-95 年至 2003-04 年间家庭规模和卧室数量的变化。

43.  Film 电影

The universality of story Feature films are narratives - they tell stories. Even films based on

true events will fictionalize them in order to produce drama, to telescope time, to avoid  being filled up with too many minor characters, or simply to be more entertaining. Even in the

current welter of special-effect movies, feature films are usually summarized by their plots - in their first 'treatment'(or outline of the script idea), in the advance publicity, in the TV guide, in   reviews, and in conversations. Films may differ from other kinds of narrative-literary fiction or television drama, for instance - in the medium used and the representational conventions.

They do, however, share with literary fiction and television drama the basic structure and functions of narrative. Much work has been done by researchers in the field known as

'narratology' on exactly what constitutes the structures and functions of the narrative. Their conclusions are of great use to students of the feature film .

故事片的普遍性在于叙事性 narratives——它们讲述故事。即使是根据真实 true 事件改编 的电影，也会将它们虚构出来，以产生戏剧性的效果，缩小时间，避免被太多的次要 min or 角色占据，或者仅仅是为了更有趣。即使在目前的特效电影中， 故事片通常也是根据  情节来总结的——在第一次“处理”(或剧本构思的大纲)，在前期宣传中，在电视指南

中，在评论中，在对话中。电影可能不同于其他类型 kinds 的叙事性小说或电视剧，例

如，在使用的媒介和表现手法上。然而，它们与文学小说和电视剧一样 share，具有叙事 的基本结构和功能。在被称为“叙事学”的领域，研究人员具体地在构成了叙事结构和功 能方面已经做了很多工作。他们的结论对专题片的学生有很大的帮助。

44.  Liquidity 流动资产

When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking of the first of these concepts. If money is too abundant or too cheap, inflationary pressures may build up or bubbles may

appear in financial markets — until central banks tighten policy or market opinion suddenly

changes. A slackening of economic activity or a drop in asset prices can leave households,

businesses and financial institutions in trouble if their balance sheets are not liquid enough (the second concept) or if they cannot find a buyer for assets.

当人们担心流动性过剩时，他们会考虑这些概念中的第一个。 如果钱太多或太便宜，通  货膨胀金融市场可能会出现压力 pressures 或泡沫 - 直到央行收紧政策或市场意见突然发 生变化。 如果资产负债表不够流动（第二个概念）或者如果他们找不到资产的 assets 买 主，那么经济 economic 活动的放松或资产价格的下降可能会使家庭，企业和金融机构陷 入困境。

45.  Language changes 英语变迁

English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these changes are fine as long as they’re well and truly in the  past. Paradoxically, we can be

curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our

noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively damaged through long years of mistreatment.

英语在其一生中一直在变化，今天仍然在变化。对我们大多数人来说，这些改变都是好

的，只要它们真的发生在过去。矛盾的是， 我们可能对单词的起源和语言结构背后的故事 感到好奇 curious，但我们感到 experience 厌恶会对任何可能就在我们眼皮底下发生的变 化 change。甚至有语言批评家确信 convinced，英语正在消亡，或者即使没有消亡， 至少 在多年的虐待中逐渐受到损害damaged。

46.  Chemistry 化学

Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur as the result of chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the influx of   ions across a neurons membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end to the other. Other

examples include the storage of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.

化学是生理学中一个极其重要的课题。大多数生理过程都是由于 as a result of 身体内发生 的化学变化而发生的。这些变化包括离子通过神经元膜流入，产生信号 signal 从一端传  递到另一端。`其他的例子包括当血液中的氧气通过 passes 肺部供全身使用 usage 时，由 蛋白质储存 storage 在血液中。

47.  Economic depression 经济萧条

As the economic depression deepened in the early 30s, and as farmers had less and less money to spend in their town, banks began to fail at alarming rates. During the 20s, there was an

average of 70 banks failing each year nationally. After the crash during the first 10 months of     1930, 744 banks failed - 10 times as many. In all, 9,000 banks failed during the decade of the      30s. It's estimated that 4,000 banks failed during the one year of 1933. By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion disappear through bank failures.

随着 30 年代初经济衰退的加深，以及农民在镇上可花的钱越来越少，银行开始以令人震  惊的 alarming 速度倒闭。在 20 年代，全国平均每年有 70 家银行倒闭。在 1930 年头 10      个月的金融危机之后，744 家银行倒闭 failed-是破产银行的 10 倍。在 30 年代的十年 deca de 里，总共有 9000 家银行倒闭。据估计，在 1933 年的一年里，有 4000 家银行倒闭。到 1933 年，储户看到 1400 亿美元由于银行倒闭而消失 disappear。

48.  Progressive enhancement 渐进增强

Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for     the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser,

we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then

progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable

browsers. It's very productive development practice, instead of spending hours working out

how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the

standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it in browsers that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers won ’t know what  they are missing, the biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among

developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer,

you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.

渐进增强是设计实践的基础上,认为不是最小设计 designing 浏览器,或矫直代码做一个网  站看起来一样在每一个浏览器,我们应该提供了一组核心功能和所有用户的信息, 然后逐步 progressively 提高站点的外观和行为能力更强的浏览器的用户。非常高效的开发实践, 而  不是花上spending 几个小时锻炼如何添加阴影的边界元素在每个浏览器,我们只是使用的 浏览器支持的基于标准的方法,甚至不尝试在浏览器中实现它,不要。毕竟,年长的和更少的 用户浏览器不会知道他们缺少能力,渐进增强的最大挑战 challenge 是开发人员和客户之间 的一种信念，即网站应该在每个浏览器中看起来都一样。作为一名开发人员， 如果您放弃 这种过时的概念并接受渐进的增强，那么您可以简化您的生活， 并将您的时间用于更有趣 的挑战。

49.  Ozone damage 臭氧层破坏

Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says

Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in

Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues    report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from

urban pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that this

hang-around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the July    10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas pay the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.

位于布朗克斯和其他城市地区的东部三叶杨（Populus deltoides）的克隆种植面积增加了两倍于小城镇 以外或长岛外种植的 planted 克隆生物量，现在环境保护局科罗瓦利斯西部生态部门的 Jillian Gregg    表示，矿石。她和她的纽约同事报告说，增长差距来自臭氧 ozone 损害。臭氧化学家已经知道，城  市空气中的浓度 concentrations 可能高达摩天大楼， 但在整整 24 小时内，农村树木实际上从城市  urban 污染中获得了更高的累积臭氧暴露量。研究人员在 7 月 10  日的“大自然”杂志上说， 一系列  新的实验现在表明， 这种悬浮的臭氧是树木生长中的压倒性 overwhelming 因素。伊利诺伊大学厄  巴纳 - 香槟分校的 Stephen P. Long 说：“这项研究对于向我们展示农村地区为城市污染付出代价 pay  the price 是非常重要的。” “这项工作应该是一个警钟，”他补充道。

50.  Gallery of Canada 加拿大国家美术馆

An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National gallery of Canada this June. The gallery in

Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the  Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public and private collections.

法国印象派画家皮埃尔 - 奥古斯特 · 雷诺阿（Pierre-Auguste Renoir）首次 time 展出的一  个展览将于今年六月登陆 comes 加拿大国家美术馆 gallery 。 渥太华的画廊与伦敦国家美 术馆和费城艺术博物馆合作，汇集了 pull 来自 45 个公共和私人收藏的 60 幅雷诺阿画作 p aintings。

51.  Waste Treatment 废物处理

It is important to keep the quantities here in perspective. The volume of radioactive waste is very small - even smaller if the used material is chemically re-processed - but it has to be

managed carefully. Most countries accept that they are responsible for their own.

重要的是要在这里保持数量。 放射性废物的体积 volume 非常小 - 如果使用的材料  material 经过化学再处理，则更小 - 但必须小心管理managed 。 大多数国家都承认 accept 他们对自己负责。

52.  Climate 气候

Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate because there is very little rain. The UK has a temperate climate, which means winters are

overall mild and summers generally don' t get too hot.

气候是我们在很长一段时间内用来 use 表示天气的词。沙漠气候干燥 dry，因为雨水很 少。英国气候温和，这意味着 which 冬季总体温和， 并且 and 夏季一般不会太热。

53.  Writing style 写作风格

Learning to write well in college means learning (or re-learning) how to write clearly and

plainly. Now that doesn’t mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should

become a slave to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can take us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most

students, most of the time should strive to be sensibly simple to develop a baseline style of     short words, active verbs and relatively simple sentence conveying clear actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will

bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish which Ido not advise abandoning altogether.

在大学里学习如何写好意味着学习(或再学习)如何清晰明了地写。这并不意味着朴素是唯 一的好风格，也不意味着你应该成为一名简约、朴实的写作的奴隶 slave。正式和华丽都  有它们的位置，在有能力 competent  的人手中，复杂性可以带我们踏上一段令人头晕目  眩、惊心动魄的旅程。但是大多数学生，大部分时间都应该努力 strive 做到简单明了，形 成一种基本 baseline 风格，用简短的单词，主动动词和相对简单的句子来表达

conveying 清楚的行为或身份。 它的速度更快，让论点更容易理解，它增加了忙碌的读者 费心去注意 focus  的机会，它让你把更多的注意力集中在修辞华丽的时刻，我不建议完全 放弃 abandoning altogether。

54.  Sharks 鲨鱼

Sharks killed four people and bit 58 others around the world in 2006, a comparatively dull year for dangerous encounters between the two species, scientists said in their annual shark attack census on Tuesday. Sharkbite numbers grew steadily over the last century as humans

reproduced exponentially and spent more time at the seashore. But the numbers have been flat over the past five years as overfishing thinned the shark population near shore and

swimmers got smarter about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said.

科学家在他们一年一度的鲨鱼袭击普查中说，2006 年，鲨鱼在世界各地杀死了4 人，咬 了 58 人，这是这两个物种遭遇危险的相对平淡的一年。鲨鱼咬的数量在过去的一个世纪 里稳步增长 grew，人类成倍地繁殖，在海边花费了 spent 更多的时间，但是在过去的五 年里，这些数字一直保持不变 flat  因为过度捕捞消减了 thinned 靠近海岸的鲨鱼的数量  。游泳者们更聪明地了解涉水 wading 进入某些地区的风险 risks 方面。

解析：

grow 代表这个东西是主动上升，增加，成长的意思。如the tree grows

increase 是指通过外界的一些方法， 手段，而使某个指标上升或增加了。如 our revenues increase thinned 做动词有削减的意思，thinned the population 是固定搭配。

have been 后面也可以接形容词，表示一种持续的状态。flat 这里是做形容词，表示持平意思。 risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。

hazard: 比 risk 正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味

55.  International students 国际学生

Work-ready international students are providing greater options for local employers who are having difficulties finding local staff due to high employment rates and ongoing labor

shortages. International students in accounting and information technology take part in a  year-long program consisting of classroom work and practical experience, which provides them with valuable skills, industry contacts and a working knowledge of Australian.

准备就绪的国际学生为当地雇主提供更多选择，因为高 high 就业率和持续的劳动力短缺 而难以找到 finding 当地员工。会计和信息技术方面的国际学生参加由课堂教学和实践经 验 组成consisting 的为期一年的课程，这为他们提供宝贵的 valuable 技能，行业联系和 澳大利亚的工作知识 knowledge。

56.  Sociology 社会学

Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies.  In this respect, It is usually

classed as one of the social sciences(along with subjects like psychology) and was established as a subject in the late 18th century( through the work of people  like the French writer Auguste Comte) . However, the subject has only really gained acceptance as an academic subject in the  20th century through the work of writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott

Parsons(names that will be visited throughout this course) . One name that you may have

heard of-Karl Marx (the founder of modem Communism)-has probably done more to stimulate peoples interest in the subject than anyone else, even though he lived and wrote(1818 -1884)in  a period before sociology became fully established as an academic discipline. Sociology,

therefore, has a reasonably long history of development, (150-200 years) although in Britain it has only been in the last 30-40 years that sociology as an examined subject in the education

system has achieved a level of importance equivalent to, or above, most of the other subjects it is possible to study.

从本质上讲，社会学是对人类社会的研究。在这方面，它通常被分类 classed 作为社会科 学之一（与心理学一样的科目 subjects）并且在 18 世纪晚期被确立为 established 主体

（通过法国作家奥古斯特孔德等人的作品） 。然而， 通过 Emile Durkheim ，Max Weber

和 Talcott Parsons 等作家的作品（该课程将访问的名称），该主题仅在 20 世纪才真正获  得承认 acceptance 作为学术主题。你可能听说过的一个名字 - 卡尔马克思（现代共产主  义的创始人） - 尽管他在社会学之前的一段时期生活和写作（1818-1884），但它可能比其 他任何人更能激发人们对这个主题的兴趣。完全成为一门学科。因此，社会学有着相当长

的发展历史,（150  -  200 年）尽管 although 在英国，在过去的 30  -  40 年间，社会学作为 教育系统中的一个研究对象已经达到了一定程度的重要性相当于或高于其他大多数可以学 习的科目。

57.  Electorate 选民

It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the

candidates' track records and future policy promises.  In truth, many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians look. Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at

multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate selected by students as looking the  most competent was also the one who'd had real life electoral success, the implication being   that voters too had been swayed by the candidates' appearance (there's little evidence that

appearance and competence actually correlate) . Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps       win votes, especially in war time (in peace time, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage) . Other research has shown that we're more likely to vote for male and female candidates with   deeper voices.

让人放心的是，选民根据候选人的履历和未来的政策承诺来选择投票给谁。事实上

In truth，我们中的许多人只是被政客们的外表所左右。想想 2009 年的一项研究，该研究 要求瑞士学生看几对不熟悉的法国政治候选人，并在每种情况下选出 as 看起来最能干的  人。大多数时候，学生们选出的看起来最有能力的候选人，实际上也是在选举中获得了成 功的候选人，这意味着选民也被候选人的外表所左右(几乎没有证据表明外表和能力真的  相关 correlate。不出所料，长得漂亮也有助于赢得选票，尤其是在战争时期(在和平时

期，看起来值得信赖更有优势)。其他研究表明，我们更有可能投票给声音低沉的男性和 女性候选人。

58.  Anthropologists 人类学家

It is commonly said by anthropologists that the primitive man is less individual and more

completely moulded by his society than civilized man. This contains an element of truth.

Simpler societies are more uniform, in the sense that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than the most complex and

advanced societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a necessary  product of modern advanced society and runs through all its activities from top to bottom.

人类学家们常说，原始人不如文明人那么有个性 less individual。这有一定道理

element。相对于更复杂和更先进的社会，更简单的社会要求更为统一 uniform 并提供机 会的个人技能和职业的多样性要小 smaller 得多，因此，生活在这些社会中的人的个性就

不那么强。从这个意义上说，个人主义是现代先进 advanced 社会的必然产物 product，贯穿于现代社会的一切活动之中。

59.  Gun violence 枪支暴力

Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious violence in

the next two years, according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers found there is a substantial cause and effect relationship between exposure and perpetration of violence.

Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behavior and health education, analyzed   five years of data from adolescents living in 78 neighborhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science.

密歇根大学(University of Michigan)的一项研究 study 显示，在未来两年内，青少年遭受枪 支暴力的可能性 likely 会增加一倍。研究人员发现，接触暴力和实施暴力之间存在着实质 性 substantial 的因果 关系relationship 。健康行为与健康教育专业的博士生杰弗里 b 宾根 海默(Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer)分析了来自芝加哥 78 个社区的青少年五年的数据。宾根海默 是本周《科学》杂志上一篇论文的主要作者。

60.  Resultant force 合力

The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force. The

resultant of two forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined. If two forces pull an object in opposite directions, the size of the resultant can be found  by

subtracting one force from the other. If the forces are equal, they balance each other.

作用在物体上的两个或多个力 more  的总体结果称为合力，两个力的合力是单个力， 如果 两个力沿相反方向 opposite 拉动物体， 则两个力的组合效果相同。 通过从另一个中减去 s

ubtracting 一个力可以得到合力的结果。如果力量相等 equal，它们会相互平衡 balance。

61.  Neuroscientists 神经系统学家

We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic

other people, and this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological experience in the

observer Human beings tend to imitate actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains

include mirror neurons, which react to actions that are seen as if we are doing the action

ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear people speak, observe their vocal nuances, watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc, neural  networks in our brains are stimulated by the "shared representations" generating feelings

within us that reflect the experience of those we are observing.

我们现在通过神经科学家的工作知道人类的大脑是模仿其他人的，这种模仿 imitate 涉及 观察者的实际非自愿的生理体验。人类倾向于模仿他们所看到的行为。 从生理学角度来  说，我们的大脑包括镜像神经元，这些神经元会对我们自己正在做的动作做出反应

react 。它主要是一种无意识的自动体验。 当我们听到人们说话，观察他们的声音细微差  别 nuances ，观察他们的姿势，手势和面部表情等时，我们大脑中的神经网络受到“共享 表征”的刺激，在我们内部产生反映 reflect 我们观察者的体验的感受。

62.  Criminal acts 罪行

The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and

responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and

culpability, to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and

punishment. This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analyzed. The

problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, characterized in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil. In few other areas of social life does individualism have this  hold. To take but one instance, it would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual  greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.

法律与秩序的叙事从根本上是建立在个人罪责 guilt 与责任的层面 level 上的。犯罪行为被视为个人  责任和罪责 culpability  的个别问题，国家通过维持治安、起诉 prosecution、裁决和惩罚的方式予  以应对。这只是可以分析犯罪和刑事司法的一个层次。问题是，分析经常会在个人行为层面结束，以 责任，罪恶，罪恶为特征 characterized 。在社会生活的其他领域，个人主义很少有这样的优势。仅 举一个例子 instance，将对肥胖的分析局限于个人的贪婪是荒谬的。同样，人们普遍认为把对刑事司 法问题的分析限于个人的罪责是荒谬的。

63.  Seminars 研讨会

Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an

opportunity for you to discuss interesting and difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumption that it is only by actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired      from lectures and texts that you can achieve an adequate understanding of the subject. If you     do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that you will be the only person in the group in       that position, you will invariably be undertaking a service for the entire group if you come to

the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. The seminar is to introduce and provoke discussion.

研讨会不是为小型讲座而设计的。 他们的教育角色 role 是为您提供一个讨论课程有趣和 困难方面的机会。 这是基于这样的假设 assumption：只有通过积极尝试使用从讲座和文 本中获得的知识，您才能充分理解该主题。 如果您不明白某一点，那么您不可能

unlikely 成为该职位中唯一的团队成员，如果您来参加研讨会，那么您将无一例外地为整 个团队提供服务 service 。 你没有完全明白。 研讨会将引发 provoke 讨论。

64.  Global textile industry 全球纺织业

The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the    water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth produced, 200 tons of water is polluted with chemicals and  heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of

electricity powers the factories that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch

materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint. "Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long

term," says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India. With something of an "if you build it, they will come"  attitude,

Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile production.

Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn’t find enough organic farms growing cotton in central India to supply its

factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional

cotton farmers to change their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation

instruction, and a guarantee of fairtrade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.

全球纺织业对环境的影响再怎么强调也不为过。世界上三分之一的水被用来制作布料。每 生产 produced 一吨布料， 就有 200 吨的水受到化学物质和重金属的污染。据估计，有一 万亿千瓦时的电力为工厂提供能源， 这些工厂生产卡片、梳理、纺织、裁剪、缝制从 t 恤

到毛巾的各种材料，留下了 leaving 堆积如山的固体垃圾和大量的碳足迹。总部位于印度 印多尔以外的纺织品制造商 Pratibha Syntex  的首席执行官什里亚斯卡尔?乔杜里(Shreyask ar Chaudhary)表示:“从长远来看，该行业目前的状况实际上是不可持续的。”乔杜里以  一种“如果你建造了它，他们就会来”的态度，把 Pratibha 带到了 toward 环保纺织品生 产的前沿。在他的指导下，Pratibha 在 1999 年开始用有机棉制作衣服。起初， 该公司在

印度中部找不到足够的种植棉花的有机农场来供应 supply 其工厂。为了满足生产需求，

乔杜里的团队不得不说服传统的棉农改变他们的 their 种植方法。 Pratibha 为他们的作物  提供种子、种植指导和公平贸易价格保障。如今， Pratibha 在中央邦、马哈拉施特拉邦和 奥里萨邦的中部地区拥有一个由 2.8 万名有机棉花种植者组成的网络。

65.  Instinct in business 商业嗅觉

What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners

from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My

observations of successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical junctures in commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith

than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room for doubt. A    computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. Thatjourney

involves too many unknowns, too much luck - and too much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible logic that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist’s brains” - entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been

considering whether to buy a company and what price to offer, I have been blinded too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually, it pays to stand back

from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues-and decide how you feel about the opportunity.

直觉在商业中的意义何在？一个可靠的直觉是否会让赢家与输家区分开来？它是任何企业 家都能拥有的最有价值的情感工具吗？我对成功的公司所有者的观察 observations 让我   相信高度分析的态度可能是一个缺点。在商业生活的关键时刻， 冒险更多是一种信仰行为 act ，而不是一种谨慎平衡的选择。通常，这些时刻需要果断 decisiveness 和绝对信念高  于一切。根本没有时间等待所有事实或怀疑的余地。计算机程序无法告诉您如何发明和推 出新产品。那段旅程journey 涉及太多的未知因素，太多的运气- 而且过于纯粹的直觉，

而不是机器交付得如此之好的绝对可靠的逻辑 logic。正如契诃夫所说：“艺术家的天赋  有时候值得科学家的大脑” - 企业家需要右脑思考。当我一直在考虑是否要买一家公司以

及提供什么价格时，我常常被会计师和律师的大量尽职调查蒙蔽了双眼 blinded。通常情 况下，从大量灰色数据中退出并权衡真正重要的问题并决定您对机会的看法是值得的。

66.  Conservancy 保护

To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy's boundary elect a

representative conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee’s ability to manage funds, and produce an acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-  related benefits. Once approved, registered conservancies acquire the rights to a sustainable   wildlife quota, set by the ministry.

为了获得保护资格，委员会必须确定保护区的边界，选择代表性 representative  的保护委 员会，谈判法律宪法，证明委员会管理 manage 资金的能力，并制定可接受的公平

equitable 分配野生动物相关利益的计划。 一旦获得批准， 注册 registered 保护区将获得 由该部设定的可持续野生生物配额 quota  的权利 rights

67.  Rudman 拉德曼

Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions    about the Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final observation-that     ancient Greece enjoyed unrivaled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school - leads to a radical punchline; Mathematics could be better learned after we leave school.

拉德曼正在研究这么一个问题，对数学粗浅的理解使很多历史学家无法对早期社会的数学 的高度复杂性 sophistication 做出结论。拉德曼最终的研究出这么一个结论， 古希腊人在 这门学科上取得了无与伦比的进步 enjoys unrivaled，但 while 不会 failing 教，这真是一  个彻头彻尾 radical 的笑话。看来离开 leave 学校后数学会学得更好呀。

68.  Civil society 公民社会

For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state that were

seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about civil society,

however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the developing world. It is very

much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil Dialogue Initiated by the

Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the institutions of society  - and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a long way to go in trying to accommodate the

frequently divergent interests of non-governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing recognition that international and national governments have to open up to civil      society institutions.

长久以来，我们对“市场”和“国家”这些看似独立于当地社会和文化的观念持有先入为 主的观念。 关于公民社会的辩论最终是关于文化，市场和国家如何相互关联 relate 。 然  而，对民间社会的关注不仅与中欧和东欧以及发展中国家有关。 这也是欧盟非常感兴趣  的 interest 。 委员会在 20 世纪 90 年代发起的民间对话是欧盟首次尝试让社会机构- 不仅 是政府和企业 - 在布鲁塞尔的政策制定表上发表意见。 与其他国际机构一样，欧盟在努力 适应 accommodate 非政府组织和公民团体的不同利益方面还有很长的路要走。 人们越来 越认识到 recognition ，国际和国家政府必须向民间社会机构开放。

69.  The Milky Way System 银河系

Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems

called galaxies. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two largest  systems in the Local Group of two dozen or so galaxies. The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light-years from one end to the other, and it is

located about two million light-years distant from us.

星星和它们之间的物质几乎总是以巨大的形式存在称为星系的恒星 stellar 系统。 我们自 己的银河系恰好是本地集团中二十多个星系中最大 largest  的两个系统之一。 另一个是仙

女座星系; 它从一端延伸 stretches 到另一端超过十万光年，它位于 located 距离 distant 我们大约 200 万光年。

70.  Friedman 弗里德曼

Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend   later. Those in work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because the sick, unemployed and elderly spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as     people get richer.

弗里德曼指出， 虽然人们在赚更多钱的时候会节省更多，但仅仅只是 only 为了以后 花费 spend 更多。 那些有工作中的人存钱是为了避免 against 疾病，失业或老年- 但是因为生 病，失业和老人花掉了他们的积蓄，所以整体消费 consumption 不会随着人们变得富裕  而下降。

71.  The wholeness of thought 思维的整体性

The writer-or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must

express it in a line of words; the reader- or listener-must take this line of symbols and from it

reconstruct the original wholeness of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation,

because the listener receives innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the speaker;

there is a dialogue, and the listener can cut in at any time. The advantage of group discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by converging on ideas from different

directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical tone and emphasis or the possibility of  dialogue or discussion.

作者 - 或者说，就此而言，发言者将他的思想视为一个整体，但必须用一行词来表达; 读  者或听众必须采用这一系列的符号， 并从中重建 reconstruct 思想的原始整体性。 在交谈 中几乎没有 little 什么困难，因为听众从说话者的身体表达中收到无数的线索; 有一个对  话，听众可以随时插入 cut 。 小组讨论的优点是人们可以通过聚集 converging 来自不同  方向的思想来克服单词的线性序列; 这就产生了思想的整体性。 但读者面对的是印刷符号 的在线，没有物理基调 tone 和重点的好处，也没有对话或讨论的可能性。

72.  Radioactivity 放射性

So why is it a concern? It is because radioactivity is invisible and un sensed, and for that reason is perceived as scary. Nevertheless, we understand quite well the radiation levels to which

people can be exposed without harm, and those levels are orders of magnitude above the typical background levels.

那么为什么要关注呢？ 这是因为 because 放射性是看不见的和无意义的，因此被认为

perceived 是可怕的。然而 nevertheless，我们非常了解人们可以在不受伤害的情况下 exp osed 受到的辐射水平，这些水平比典型的背景水平高出几个数量级 magnitude。

73.  Higher education qualifications 高等教育资格证

Higher education qualifications provide a substantial advantage in the labor market. Higher  education graduates are less likely to be unemployed and tend to have higher incomes than those without such qualifications. Having a highly educated workforce can also lead to

increased productivity and innovation and make Australia more competitive in the global market.

高 Higher 学历人群为劳动力市场提供了实实在在的优势advantage 。 高等教育毕业生 gr aduates 失业 unemployed  的可能性较小，而且往往 tend 收入高于没有这种资格的人。

拥有高学历的劳动力 workforce 也可以提高生产力和创新，并使澳大利亚在全球市场上具 有更多的竞争力 competitive

74.  Bizarre universe 奇怪的宇宙

We live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science is the

prospect that 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious substance known as 'Dark

Energy', which causes an acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a further 21% of the

Universe is made up from invisible ‘Cold  Dark Matter’ that can only be detected through its

gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the rest is apparently only 4% of

the total cosmic budget. These discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that

made after Copernicus's revelation that the Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the chequered history of Dark Energy, not only since Einstein’s proposal for a

similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept back to Newton's ideas. This lecture will

summarize the current evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily

involved: the "Dark Energy Survey" the Hubble Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission.

我们生活在一个奇异的宇宙中。整个科学中最大的谜团之一是，75％的宇宙是由一种被称 为“暗能量”的神秘物质 substance 构成的，这种物质会导致宇宙膨胀的加速。由于另外 21 ％的宇宙是由看不见的“冷暗物质”组成的，只能是通过其引力效应检测到

detected，构成其余部分的普通原子物质显然只占总宇宙预算的 4％。这些发现

discoveries 要求我们的观念发生转变，就像哥白尼揭示 revelation 地球绕太阳运动后所做 的那样。本讲座将首先回顾暗能量的方格历史，不仅仅是自 1917 年爱因斯坦提出类似实  体以来，而是将这一概念追溯到牛顿的观点。本讲座将总结summarize 暗能量的当前证  据以及 UCL 积极参与的未来调查：“黑暗能量调查”哈勃太空望远镜和拟议的欧几里德  太空任务。

75.  Wind 风

Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way.Wind is formed by the circulation of air.

The sun heats up some parts of the sea and the land. The air among the hot spot warms up and rises. The cold air drops because it is heavy. Some wind circulates within a small area. Others      blow in the entire globe.

无论是温和gentle 的还是猛烈的，风总是以同样的方式开始。风是由空气循环形成的。

太阳加热部分的海洋和陆地。 热点 hot 地区的空气变暖上升。冷空气下降是因为它很重h eavy。有些风在小范围内循环。还有一些在全球范围entire  内爆炸。

76.  Studying places 学习地点

You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study

lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be

distracting. Distractions can build up and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study habits.

你可以在任何地方学习 显然，有些地方比其他地方好 better 。 图书馆，学习休息室或私 人房间是最好的。 最重要的是， 你选择学习的地方不应该分散 distracting 注意力。（环 境）可以增加 build 分心。 而你知道的第一件事应该就是，你没时间也没有运气。 选择 良好的环境是学习习惯 habits  的一部分 part

77.  Australian women novelist 澳洲女作家

In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of

unprecedented growth in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and

talking about books by young Australian women. But it was not until recently that a

researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in that decade, and she   found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed an      increase in women's novels. It is this sort of research - testing ideas about literary history -that is becoming possible with the spread of 'Digital Humanities. ' The intersection of Humanities

and digital technologies is opening up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics,

history and language that were not possible without computational methods and digitized     resources to bring information together in an accessible way. Transcription software is being

developed for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really take off.

在文学界，人们普遍认为 20 世纪 70 年代是本土澳大利亚小说史无前例的增长时期。每个 人都在阅读和谈论澳大利亚年轻女性的书籍。但直到最近 until recently ，一位研究人员才 研究得出这十年中出版的小说数量， 并且发现澳大利亚作家的小说总体上有

had been 所下降，但证实了女性小说的增加。正是这种研究 - 测试文学史的观念 - 随着

“数字人文”的传播而成为可能。人文和数字技术的交叉在文学，语言学，历史和语言领 域开辟了机会， 如果没有计算方法和数字化资源（以便以可访问的方式将信息带到 bring   一起）是不可能的。正在开发转录软件，用于将书籍和文档的扫描转换成文本，因为数字 人文领域真的正在腾飞 take off

78.  Omniscience 全知

Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds, you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the

amount which you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may  know of the sources of information may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference books—the working of one book in connexion with    another—and applying your own intelligence to both. By this means we get as near to that

omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in

existence, a knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person.

Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them.

无所不知可能是人的弱点，但书本却不是这样。 正如约翰逊所说， 知识有两种 kinds ，一 是你自己可能知道一件事，另一个是你能知道在哪里找到它。 现在你真正地了解到自己  是有限的，但是你可能通过适当的培训，知道的信息来源 sources ，这可以帮助你了解更  多的东西。 这里有参考书的价值 value 和用法 - 与另一本书相关的一本书的工作 - 并将你  自己的智慧 intelligence 应用于两者。 通过这种方式， 我们接近那个无所不知的一面，它 告诉我们将要得到的一切，虽然不存在告诉一切的单一章节或作品，但是存在大量的每个 聪明人都必不可少的参考书， 它帮助我们学会获得知识和正确运用知识。 我相信参考书  是必要的，所以它们不应该为闲置做贡献contributory（不应该闲置起来），并且不应该 对它们进行过于机械的使用。

79.  Daniel Harris 丹尼尔哈里斯

Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally supplanted illustration as the "primary means of advertising clothing" in the 1950s, glamor

inhered less in the face of the drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized,

than in the sketch’s attitude, posture, and gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions   of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in the stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but angles or tilts. The chin

raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline,

emanating power the severity like an emperor's bust embossed on a Roman coin.

消费和风格学者丹尼尔 · 哈里斯（Daniel Harris）观察到，直到 20 世纪 50 年代摄影最终  取代 supplanted 插图作为“服装广告的主要手段”，在绘画面前，魅力所吸引的更少 les s ，而这种绘画必然是示意性的和概括性的。 在草图的态度， 姿势和手势，特别是在手的 奇怪的精致位置。 魅力曾经在模特的立场中如此强调，以至于插图 illustrations  中的面孔 根本不能说是表达 expression ，而是角度或倾斜。 插图根本不能说有表达，而是角度或  倾斜。 下巴高傲地抬起头; 眼睛以内省的态度降低; 头部以一种好奇或风骚的角度翘起

来：或者轮廓以尖锐的轮廓呈现，散发出的力量就像皇帝的胸像浮雕 embossed 在罗马硬 币 coin 上一样.

80.  Children sleep patterns 儿童睡眠模式

Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can

influence their sleep patterns. Despite these factors, they actually need longer sleep time.

孩子们有良好的 sound 睡眠模式。他们可以成功 successfully 地睡 8-9 个小时，并在固定

的时间起床。但是青少年不要。他们需要早点上学或其他安排可能会受到影响 influence。

81.  Paris 巴黎

Paris is very old — there has been a settlement there for at least 6,000 years and  its shape has   been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any

more barricades being created by the rebellious population; that work was carried out in the      middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress

among the half a million or so whose houses were simply razed, and whose neighborhoods

disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down.

Built in 1880 on 4,000 acres of land outside of the Chicago city limits, Pullman, Illinois, was the first industrial planned community in the United States. George Pullman, of the Pullman

railroad Car Company, built the south residential portion of the company town first, which contained 531 houses, some of which stand today more or less as they did originally.

巴黎是一个古老的城市，有至少 6000 年的定居史，它的形状部分 in part  由塞纳河决定 的，部分由法国统治者的法令决定。 但是，我们今天所欣赏的大型林荫大道相对较新，

并且是为了防止叛乱人口造成更多的路障而建造的 being created; 这项工作是在 19 世纪  中期进行的。早期的巴黎在一定程度上是由迷宫般的狭窄街道和小巷组成的的。 但是你 可以想象这项工作不仅耗资巨大，而且造成了大约 50 万人的痛苦， 因为他们的房屋被简 单地 simply 夷为平地， 其社区也跟着一起消失。 所做的事情往往是无法挽回的，特别是 当建筑物被拆毁 down  的时候。

82.  Plagiarism 抄袭

How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within

students work. The university also actively investigated plagiarism in students assessed work   through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software compares students work against text on the Internet, in journal articles and within previously submitted work and

highlights any matches it finds.

剽窃是如何被发现的?讲师通常很容易发现学生作品中的抄袭。此外，该大学还通过名为 Turnitin 的电子检测软件对学生的抄袭行为进行了 through 积极调查。该软件将学生的作

业与互联网上、期刊文章中以及之前提交 submitted 的作业中的文本进行比较 compares，并突出显示找到的 finds 匹配项。

83.  Tropical forests 热带雨林

Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of thousands of species new to science. But they couldn't have

guessed at the complete contents of the rain forest, and they had no idea of its value to humankind.

查尔斯达尔文凭直觉知道热带森林是一个有着巨大的, 惊人的 tremendous 复杂性和充满  能量的地方。 他和他的科学博物学家同伴对这片新热带丛林的美丽充满敬畏 awed，在那 里他们收集了成千上万的对科学界来说是全新的物种 species 。 但他们无法猜到雨林的全 部内容，也不知道它对人类的价值 value。

84.  Financial institutions 财政机构

At the other end of the spectrum, protesters see globalization in a very different light than the

treasury secretary of the United States, or the finance or trade ministers of most of the

advanced industrial countries. The difference in views is so great that one wonders, are the

protestors and the policymakers talking about the same phenomena? Are they looking at the same data? Are the visions of those in power are so clouded by special and particular

interests?

全球化的经济层面涉及国际金融机构，即国际货币基金组织和世界银行。稳定与调整是由 二者各自支撑的，根植于自由市场的意识形态之中。另一方面，抗议者对全球化的看法与 美国财政部长或大多数发达工业国家的财政部长或贸易部长截然不同。观点 views 上的差 异是如此之大， 以至于有人想知道，抗议者和决策者是否在谈论同样的现象

phenomena？他们在看相同的数据吗？当权者 power  的愿景是不是被特殊和特殊的利益 i nterests 所蒙蔽？

85.  Woman 女性

With the increase in women's participation in the labor force, many mothers have less time available to undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing

recognition that the father's role and relationship with a child is important.

与妇女参与 participation 劳动力的增加, 国内许多母亲都有 available 更少的时间进行活  动。同时,有越来越多的认识 recognition 到父亲的角色和与孩子的关系 relationship 是很 重要的。

86.  Revision 检查

Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times

when you just don't care any longer?I don't mean the lessons you don't like, but the ones you    find usually find OK,but on some occasions you just can't be bothered with it. You may have    other things on your mind, be tired, restless, or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent effort from you. The same is true of   revision. Your mental and physical attitudes are important. If you try to revise when you are      tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about

worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier and you  will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision      when you feel like it, you probably won't do much revision! You need a revision timetable so you don't keep putting it off.

复习的时间很重要。你有没有注意到，在上学的日子里， 你有时会变得不再在乎了?我不 是指你不喜欢的课程， 而是你发现的课程通常都很好，但在某些情况下，你就是懒得去

学。你可能 may 有其他的事情在你的脑海中，累了，不安，或期待接下来会发生什么。

不管是什么原因，这一课并不是你 100%的努力effort。复习也是如此。你的精神和身体  态度 attitudes 很重要。如果你试着在你累了或者完全被其他事情占据的时候复习，你的  复习将是低效的和毫无价值的。如果你感觉新鲜， 警觉和快乐， 它会变得更容易，你会学 到更多，更快。然而， 如果你没有计划，只是在你想做的时候做一点修改，你可能不会做 太多的修改!你需要一个复习时间表，这样你就不会一直拖延了putting it off。

87.  Papal reform 宗教改革

Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western

calendar more useful or regular. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was put out of use   shortly after its introduction.

自上次教皇改革以来， 已经提出了 offered 几项建议 proposals，使西方日历更有用或更  有规律 regular 。 很少有改革，例如十分不同的十进制法国共和党和苏联日历， 已获得官 方接受 acceptance，但每一项改革在引入后不久就被淘汰。

88.  Ideas 点子

People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the modified versions. Inevitably, there are unintentional modifications as well, partly because of straightforward

error, and partly because explicit ideas are hard to convey accurately: there is no way to

download them directly from one brain to another like computer programs . Even native

speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of every word. So it can be only rarely, if ever, that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in their minds . That is why, when   the founder of a political or philosophical movement or a religion dies, or even before, schisms  typically happen. The movement's most devoted followers are often shocked to discover that   they disagree about what its doctrines really are.

人们在头脑中修改文化观念， 有时会将修改后的观念传递下去。不可避免地， 也会有无意 的修改，部分原因是直接的错误，部分原因是明确的想法难以准确传达 convey: 无法像电 脑程序那样将它们直接从一个大脑下载到另一个大脑。 即使 even 是母语为一种语言的人  也不会对每个单词给出相同的 identical 定义。所以， 两个人在他们的头脑中持有完全相  同的文化观念， 如果有的话 ever,这是非常罕见的。这就是为什么， 当政治或哲学运动或  宗教的创始人去世，甚至在此之前 before，分裂通常会发生。该运动最忠实的追随者往   往会震惊地发现 discover 他们对该运动的教义究竟是什么意见不一。

89.  Agrarian parties 农民党

Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more

broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable

peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population. The other is a  matter of

social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the representation of countryside or

peasantry must not be integrated with the other major sections of society. Thus a country

might possess a sizable rural population but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, not to their occupations or location.

农业政党是主要代表农民利益的政党，更广泛地说, 是农村社会的利益。 它们的重要程

度，甚至它们是否 whether 存在，主要取决于 on 两个因素。其中一个显然是可识别的农 民群体的规模， 或者相对于城市人口的农村规模。另一个是社会一体化问题： 为了 for 使 农业政党发挥重要，农村或农民的代表不得与社会的其他主要部分相结合。因此 thus 一  个国家可能拥有相当大的农村人口，但拥有一个经济体系，其中选民的利益主要与其收入 有关，而与其职业或地点无关。

90.  Collection 藏品

The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's core

functions, the long-term preservation of all collection items, to make them accessible now and in future. The Collection dates from the 8th century to the present day, and consists of

portraits in a variety of media, so the Gallery employs Conservators with expertise in a range of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and Photography.

国家肖像画廊的保护部门执行画廊的核心 core 功能之一，即长期保存所有收藏品，使其 展品在现在和将来都可以去接近,可以见到 accessible 去欣赏观看的 。 该系列的历史可以 追溯到 dates 8 世纪至今，由各种媒体的肖像组成，因此画廊聘请的保护人员拥有各种学 科的专业知识 expertise ，包括框架， 绘画，纸张，雕塑和摄影。

91.  Microorganism 微生物

Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds to

destroy infection, the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another

species was not established until the latter half of the 19th century. When Pasteur noted the   antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use.

尽管几个世纪以来，来自生命物质 matter  的制剂一直用于伤口来阻止感染 infection。然 而微生物可以 capable 摧毁另一种生物的事实直到上世纪九十年代才被确定

established。当 Pasteur 注意到其他细菌对某种生物体的敌对影响时，他指出了这种活动 也许可以用于治疗 therapeutic。

92.  Wrinkle cure 祛皱

Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and

PhD student Anita Schneider, recently tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and

female volunteers applied a liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented extract of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of their faces. On the other side they applied a similar liquid

without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by self-assessment,

photography and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were impressive.   After a month the depth and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced     by approximately 27 per cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be published in a scientific publication. It’s hard to even find studies that show the    active ingredients in cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on   their effects. Even when rigorous studies are commissioned, companies usually control

whether the work is published in the traditional scientific literature.

墨尔本莫纳什大学药学学院教授、博士生安妮塔 ·施耐德（AnitaSchneider）最近测试了  一种新的皱纹疗法。每天两次，20 名男性和女性志愿者在脸的一侧涂抹一种含有肌红醇  的液体，肌红醇是秋葵种子的专利提取物 extract。另一方面，他们使用了一种类似的不  含肌醇的液体。每周， 连续一个月，他们的皱纹都要通过自我评估、摄影和硅模具制作的 凹陷 depth 尺寸来测试。结果令人印象深刻。 一个月后，肌红醇治疗侧的皱纹深度和数   量减少了约 27%。但芬宁的研究是由一家化妆品公司委托进行的， 不太可能发表在科学期 刊上 publication。甚至很难找到研究表明化妆品中的活性成分会渗透到皮肤中，更不用   说对其效果进行更全面的研究了。即使委托严格的 rigorous 研究，公司通常也会控制这   项工作是否发表在传统的科学文献中。

93.  Siblings 兄弟姐妹

No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins. Parents often puzzle about why their      children are so different from one another. They'll say, 'I brought them up all the same.' They    forget that what determines our behavior isn't what happens to us but how we interpret what happens to us, and no two people ever see anything in exactly the same way.

没有两个兄弟姐妹是相同的，甚至是同卵双胞胎。 父母常常感到疑惑 puzzle 为什么他们 的孩子彼此之间如此不同。 他们会说， 我从无差别对待一手带大的 brought 孩子。他们 却忘记了决定 determines 我们行为的不是那些发生在我们的身上的事情，而是我们如何 解释 interpret 发生在我们身上的事情，因此没有两个看待任何事情的方式完全相同。

94.  Soil pollution 土壤污染

Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes run off

farmland and enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface water body

that is used as a drinking water supply receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the     municipal water treatment plant must filter them out in order for the water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help control excess herbicides  in      runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more readily, are less toxic, or degrade more    quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage practice can help minimize herbicide pollution.

用于控制玉米和大豆等作物杂草的化学物质有时会从农田流出并进入湖泊和溪流等地表水 体。 如果用作饮用水 drinking 供应的地表水体接收过量的这些除草剂，那么市政水处理  厂必须将它们过滤掉 filter ，以便饮用水是安全的。 这种增加的过滤过程可能很昂贵。 通 过选择与土壤 soil 更容易结合，毒性更小或更快降解的化学物质，农民可以帮助控制径   流中过量的除草剂。 此外，选择最佳耕作方法有助于减少除草剂污染 pollution.

95.  Music 音乐

Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of protecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether it’s

country or classical, rock n’ roll or rap – reflects who we are. But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive answer. One leading

researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of

Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic musicology,

endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ – the playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers. As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes   caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in

earlier births, more fragile infants and a critical need for stronger relationships between

mothers and their newborn babies. According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria, ‘motherese’ arose as a way to strengthen this maternal bond and to help

ensure an infant’s survival.

音乐是我们生活中重要的一部分。我们每天都和它联系和互动，把它作为一种保护我们周 围人的自我身份的方式。我们喜欢的音乐——无论是乡村音乐还是古典音乐、摇滚还是说 唱——反映了 reflects 我们是谁。但是音乐的核心是从哪里来的呢?这是一个令人困惑的  问题，可能没有一个明确的答案。然而，一位主要的 leading 研究人员提出， 理解音乐起 源的关键在于母亲和孩子之间的爱的纽带。澳大利亚出生的系统音乐学教授理查德?佩尔  穆特在墨尔本大学的一次演讲中表示，音乐起源于“母亲”这一概念。“母亲”指的是母 亲在对婴儿和蹒跚学步的孩子说话时所采用 adopt  的顽皮的声音。根据这一理论，人类

大脑体积的增大是由 100 万至 200 万年前的进化变化引起的， 这导致了婴儿的出生时间 提前，婴儿更加脆弱，母亲和新生儿之间迫切需要更牢固的critical 关系。据奥地利格拉 茨大学的佩尔穆特说， “母亲”的出现是为了加强这种母性纽带，帮助确保 ensure 婴儿 的生存。

96.  Plate tectonics 板块结构学

In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root "to build." Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics,

which refers to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates     that are moving relative to one another.

在地质术语中， 板块是一块由坚硬岩石组成的大而坚硬的板块。“构造”一词来源于希腊 语的词根 root “建造”。把这两个词放在一起，我们得到了板块构造这个术语，它指的  是 refers 地球表面是如何由板块构成的。板块构造理论指出 states ，地球的最外层被分割 成 fragmented 十几个或更多的大小板块，这些板块相对 relative 移动。

97.  Symbiosis 共生

Symbiosis is a biological relationship in which two species live in close proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the organisms. When both

partners benefit, this variety of symbiosis is known as mutualism.

共生是一种生物关系 relationship，在这种关系中， 两个物种彼此生活得很近 close，并有 规律地相互作用，使其中一个或两个 both 有机体受益。当双方都受益时，这种共生关系 variety 被称为互惠共生。

98.  Colorful poison frogs 彩色毒蛙

Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study

from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of    biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is  the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a

'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes

Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand

Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role."

美国得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的一项最新研究表明，亚马逊地区色彩斑斓的毒蛙的多样性 diversity 要归功于它们的祖先，在过去 1000 万年里， 它们曾数次从安第斯山脉跳到亚马  逊地区。这是第一个表明安第斯山脉是亚马逊盆地多样性的主要来源 source  的研究，亚  马逊盆地 basin 是地球上最大的生物多样性水库 reservoirs 之一。这一发现与认为亚马逊  的多样性只是热带森林自身进化的结果 result  的观点背道而驰 counter 。“基本上，亚马  逊盆地是南美青蛙的‘熔炉’，”该研究的主要作者、研究生胡安 · 桑托斯(Juan Santos)   说。“数百万年来，毒蛙来自 origin 多个地方，尤其是安第斯山脉。我们已经证明， 你   不能仅仅通过观察盆地来了解亚马逊的生物多样性。邻近地区发挥了重要作用。”

99.  Moths 蛾子

Why are moths fatally attracted to the light? One solution is the old glib explanation that the    moths are trying to use the flame to navigate. This explanation does not tell us, however, why it is that in many species only males are thus attracted, and in a few, only females. What's

more, if moths need to  navigate, they must be from a migrating species. Yet most of the time   such moths are not migrating. Indeed most species do not migrate at all and thus have no need of navigation.

为什么飞蛾会致命地被光线吸引?一种解答 One solution 是飞蛾利用光来导航。然而， 这 一解释 This explanation 并没有告诉我们为什么在某些蛾类中，只有雄性才会被高度吸   引。更重要的是 What's more，如果导航只可能发生在迁徙的物种身上，那么飞蛾就不是 迁徙物种。

100. The Roman people 罗马民众

A modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs

that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition is not reliant on the written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of  cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens,  spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes . Those forms of

verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of the mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.

在现代术语里的 传统风俗，迷信，故事，舞蹈和歌曲 的主要部分 body 是通过不断重复 的不依赖于书面文字的过程在特定的团体 community  中被接纳和维持的。连同民歌和民 间故事，文化形式的这个大的分类 category 包括了所有形式的传说， 谜语，笑话，谚

语，游戏，魔力，启示，符咒和仪式，特别是文字出现之前的社会或社会阶级。从一代或 一个地区以口头相传的方式传递到下一方的那些口头表达的方式，据说构成了一种口述传 统 tradition。

101. UW Courses 华大课程

The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All

announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without     notice and do not constitute an agreement between the University of Washington and the  student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information.

UW 课程描述在学年中定期更新 updated。总目提要和课程目录中的所有声明均可随时更 改，恕不另行通知 notice，且不构成华盛顿大学与该学生之间的协议 agreement。学生应 负责向适当的学术单位或顾问咨询 consulting 最新或具体的信息。

102. Standard Response 标准反应

The casual observer does not necessarily recognize the skill in how a teacher, for instance,

responds to a thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very

different from the ‘standard response’ to a commonly inquisitive or talkative student. Expert     teachers are aware of what they are doing; they monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.

一个 业余的casual 人很难说清楚一个老师是如何应用他的教学技巧 skill  的。例如，一个 平时很安静的学生对一个有的深度的问题的回答， 和一个平时很好问或健谈 talkative 的  学生给出的“标准回答”有什么不同呢？旁人未必能认识到这些学生的回答的不同， 老师 则不一样，他们会监督和调整自己的教学行为，以发挥学生的最佳 best 水平。

103. Volcano Eruption 火山喷发

Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the    atmosphere and isn't concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped

underground under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.

火山每年向大气中释放 1 亿吨二氧化碳，但这些气体通常是无害的 harmless。当火山爆发 时，二氧化碳扩散到大气中， 而不是集中concentrated 在一个地方。但有时气体在巨大  的压力下被困在地下 underground。如果它以密集的云状物 cloud 形式逃到地面，就会把 富含氧气的空气挤出地面，变成致命。

104. The United Nations 联合国

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Due to  its unique

international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the organization can

take action on a wide range of issues and provide a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social

Council and other bodies and committees. The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict

prevention, and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and     its system (specialized agencies, funds, and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place.

联合国是一个成立于 1945 年的国际组织。由于其独特的国际角色,权力赋予其创始宪章,

组织可以在一系列问题上采取行动 action,为其 193 个会员国提供一个论坛来表达

express 他们的观点,通过联合国大会、安全理事会、经济及社会理事会和其他机构和委员 会。联合国的工作涉及全球每一个角落 corner。尽管联合国以维持和平、建设和平、预

防 prevention 冲突和人道主义援助著称，但联合国及其系统(专门机构、基金和方案)还有 许多其他方式影响我们的生活并使世界变得更美好。

105. Expedition 远征

This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied

their exploration of the great outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged. AkademikIoffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers    virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on topics including climate change,

wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts, new

shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.

今年夏天，41 位 UBC 校友和朋友参加了加拿大北极和传说中的西北通道的探险活动。演 讲、对话和学习伴随着他们对伟大的俄国户外 outdoors 探索。AkademikIoffe, 1989 年作 为一艘科研船在芬兰设计建造。她的剑桥几乎每天 24 小时对乘客开放。船上的

board 专家介绍了包括气候变化、野生动物、因纽特文化和历史以及早期欧洲探险家等主

题。加拿大联合大学的迈克尔?拜尔斯教授就北极主权问题发表了看法。随着冰层融化、 新航道开放以及自然资源的可 become 及性，北极主权问题日益 growing 成为人们争论 的焦点。推荐的旅行前阅读是英属哥伦比亚大学已故校友皮埃尔?伯顿的书《北极圣

杯》。

106. Genius 天才

Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity doing  something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth.

Orson Welles made his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a

book a year through his late twenties, culminating at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick."

Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has hardened into an iron law . How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old ... I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman

maintains. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard

Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."

天才，一种流行的概念，是从小就有创意地做某些事情密不可分的，我们倾向于认为，它 需要新颖和年轻的力量。Olson 在 25 岁完成杰作，Herman 从through 20 岁底开始一年写 一门书， 累积到 32 岁 age 。Mozart 在 32 岁的时候完成了创造性的钢琴谱。在一些创新

的形式中，比如抒情的诗词， 早熟的重要性 importance  已成了一条铁规。T.S  多少岁完   成了那个杰出的？23。诗词是在年轻的时候达到顶峰，创新研究者 james 认为， “最有创 新性的抒情诗都被认为是在年轻的时候完成创作的”。这是来自哈佛心理学家，创新方面 的著名权威 authority。抒情诗的领域 domain 是天赋 talent 一般是很早就发现的，然后  爆发，之后在早年就消失殆尽。

107. Arbitration 仲裁

Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized mechanisms, occurs in many political and legal spheres. There are two main characteristics to arbitration.     The first is that it is a voluntary process under which two parties in conflict agree between

themselves to be bound by the judgment of a third party which has no other authority over them; the judgment, however, is not legally binding. The second is that there is usually no   clear body of law or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, subject to any prior    agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis of justice is deemed

suitable.

仲裁是一种解决冲突的方法， 它在许多政治和法律领域都有或多或少的形式化机制。 仲  裁有两个主要特点 characteristics 。 首先，这是一个自愿的过程，冲突中的双方之间相互 约定，受到对其无权的第三方的判决的约束 bound; 但是 however，判决并不具有法律约 束力。 二是通常没有明确的法律 law 规定或一套必须适用的规则; 仲裁员是自由的，但须 事先与冲突各方达成协议 subject，决定是否认为适当的 suitable 司法依据。

108. Walt Disney World 沃尔特迪士尼世界

Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross -     cultural and marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs    in the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has gained access to all public communication media. Movies,      television shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks and each other.

沃尔特迪斯尼世界已经成为一个旅游胜地一定程度上是因为它的跨文化和营销方面的闪光 点，同时也因为它的乌托邦 utopian 方面有力地吸引了资本主义社会的 society 真实需

求。迪斯尼的营销很独特，因为它抓住了孩提时代 childhood 象征性地精华， 但是这个公

司渗入到所有的公共传播媒介。电影，电视节目， 书籍，玩具，衣服和教育片 educational 都相互展现在公园中。

109. Job Quality 工作质量

"Sustainable job growth" is a motto for many governments, especially in the aftermath of a  recession. The problem of 'job quality' is less often addressed and may be seen as hindering job growth. The sentiment 'any job is better than no job' may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the context of high  unemployment. However, if the balance

between improving the quality of existing jobs and creating new jobs becomes greatly

imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work stress among current and future

workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Center Report on Stress at Work highlights these concerns, and describes the context,

determinants and consequences of work-related stress in Britain.

可持续就业增长是许多政府的座右铭，尤其在经济衰退之后。“工作质量”问题很少被提 及，可能会被视为阻碍 hindering 就业增长的因素。“有工作总比没有好”的观点可能会 引起政府和民众的共鸣，尤其是在高失业率的背景下。但是，如果提高现有 existing 工作 的质量和创造新的工作机会之间的平衡 balance  向后者严重失衡， 这可能会增加当前 curr  ent 和未来工人的工作压力，而这又会造成健康、经济和社会代价。英国学院政策中心(Br itish Academy Policy Centre)最近发布的一份关于工作压力的报告强调了这些担忧 concern   s ，并描述了英国工作压力的背景、决定因素和后果。

110. Retirement 退休

For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mindsets

arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels,

encouraged mature workers to take early retirement. Today, government encourages them to  delay their retirement. We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how    they combine their work and non-work time. We also need to recognize the broader change

that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are moving away from a    linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as people move in and    out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice  remove the barriers      between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a  range of leave entitlements. They take an individualized approach to workforce planning and    development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously. This approach supports the different transitions that occur across the life course - for example,

school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the care of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.

首先，我们需要改变我们的“退休”概念 concept，我们需要改变早期政府政策所产生的 心态，面对高失业率， 这些政策鼓励成熟的工人提前退休。如今，政府鼓励他们推迟

delay 退休。我们现在需要把退休看作是一个阶段性的过程，在这个过程中，处于退休年 龄的工人逐渐 gradually 减少他们的工作时间，他们在如何结合工作时间和非工作时间方  面有相当大的灵活性。我们还需要认识到， 人们的工作、学习和生活方式正在发生更广泛 的变化。随着人们在工作、职业、照料、学习和休闲中进进出出，我们越来越远离教育、

培训、工作和退休之间的线性关系。选择性雇主通过创造灵活的工作条件和一系列休假权 利，消除了人们生活中不同阶层之间的障碍 barriers。他们采取个性化的方法来规划和发  展员工队伍，以同时 simultaneously 满足雇主和雇员的需要。这种方法支持在整个人生   过程中发生的不同转变——例如，从学校到工作， 成为父母，负责照顾年长的亲戚， 从工 作到退休。

111. Consumers' Choices 顾客的选择

Differential rates of price change can also shape consumption patterns. To satisfy their needs and wants, consumers sometimes choose to substitute spending on a particular product or      service with spending on an alternative product or service in response to a relative price

movement of the items.

不同的价格变动率也能塑造消费模式。为了满足 satisfy 他们的需要和愿望，消费者有时 会根据商品的相对 relative 价格变动， 选择用另一种商品或服务来代替substitute 在某一 特定产品或服务上的支出。

112. Headmaster 校长

David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this, he    was sub-dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University     and foundation head of the University’s Noosa campus. David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal

positions before entering higher education. David’s research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in building teacher capability to meet a changed world.

大卫 ·林奇是查尔斯 ·达尔文大学的教授和教育主管。在此之前 Prior，他是中央昆士兰 大学教育与创意艺术学院副院长，也是该校 Noosa 校区 campus 的基金会主席。20 世纪 80 年代初，大卫的教育生涯从昆士兰的一名小学教师开始，在进入 entering 高等教育之 前，他先后担任了 progressed  四个主要职位。大卫的研究兴趣主要集中在教师教育领

域，特别是在教师能力建设方面。

113. Impressionist painters 印象派

Impressionist painters were considered radical in their time because they broke many of the      rules of the picture-making set by earlier generations. They found many of their subjects in      life around them rather than in history, which was then the accepted source of subject matter.

印象派画家在他们那个时代被认为是激进的 radical，因为他们打破了上一代

generation 绘画的许多规则。他们在生活中发现了许多主题 subjects ，而不是在历史中， 这是当时公认的主题来源 source。

114. Andersen ’s tales 安徒生童话

Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen.

Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near -

pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course, all three had to work and

interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds.

Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of

course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of     editions since the 19th century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of   Andersen's works:"The Ugly Duckling," "The Emperor's New Clothes," "The Nightengale," "The Little Mermaid," "The Match Girl," and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales,   they strike adult re-readers much differently than they do young first-time readers. Charming   tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don't fit in, only to exult in the discovery that

they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don't tease people because they're different; don't fret about your being different because someday you'll

discover what special gifts you have. A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen's tales

(including "The Ugly Duckling," which is not on our reading list),  reveals a darker, harder, more  painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous--in general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but  it's not conventionally

happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world.

传记批评的粉丝们从安徒生的作品中获得了丰富的素材。与刘易斯 · 卡罗尔(Lewis Carroll) (还有肯尼斯 ·格雷厄姆(Kenneth Grahame)，不过程度稍轻)一样，安徒生在与成年人相处 时，会感到近乎病态的不适。当然， 这三个人都必须和成年人一起工作和交流

interact，但这三个人都与孩子和他们简单的世界有很好的关系。有一段时间， 安徒生经  营着一家木偶剧院，深受孩子们的喜爱。当然，他还写了许多令人印象深刻的童话故事， 自 19 世纪以来，这些故事已被制作成数千种版本。大多数人都读过或至少知道安徒生的  许多作品的名字:《丑小鸭》、《皇帝的新衣》、《阴天少女》、《小美人鱼》、《卖火  柴的女孩》等等。然而，就像大多数的民间故事和童话故事一样，它们给成年读者的印象 strike 与给初次读者的印象大不相同。有感觉的鸭子的迷人故事尴尬 awkward 是因为他  们不合群，却因为发现他们是雄伟的天鹅而欢欣鼓舞，这给了孩子们明确的信息:不要因  为他们不同而取笑别人;不要为自己的与众不同而烦恼，因为总有一天你会发现你有什么  特别的天赋 gifts。仔细、深入地观察安徒生的许多故事(包括《丑小鸭》，它不在我们的  阅读名单中)，会发现一条更黑暗、更艰难、更痛苦painful 的线索。人往往是残酷无情

的，爱情是折磨人的——一般来说，物质世界的事物会造成痛苦。结局常常是皆大欢喜  的，但按惯例就不怎么快乐了。角色会得到奖励，但只有在他们设法(通常是通过死亡)超 越尘世的严酷之后。

115. Alaska's Aleutian Islands 阿拉斯加阿留申群岛

The few people who live in Alaska's the Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to

shipwrecks. They have been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran

aground near the western end of the 1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic archipelago in 1780,

inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the ship's infestation scurried ashore and made itself at home. Since then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands.

阿拉斯加阿留申群岛（Alaska's Aleutian Islands）上居住的人不多，他们对船舶失事早已  习以为常。1780 年，一只日本捕鲸船急于 scurried 渡向岸边准备返航时，在长达 1100 英 里（1800 千米）的火山群岛 archipelago（就是现在的老鼠岛[Rat Island]）的最西边搁浅  了 aground。自此之后， 海难就成了当地人意识中的一部分。而从日本捕鲸船搁浅事件至 今，当地至少已经发生过 190 件海难了。

116. People who visit health professionals 挂专家号的人

People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general population because

illness increases with age. However, the proportion of the population who visited

complementary health therapists was highest between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over contrasted with the rate of visits to other health

professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reasons for this difference might include lower levels of acceptance of complementary therapies by older people.

Alternatively, older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people because their health on average is worse while their incomes are generally lower.

拜访卫生专业人员的人往往比一般 general 人群年长， 因为疾病随着年龄增长而增加。然 而，在 25 岁至 64 岁的人群中，接受辅助性健康治疗师 therapists 治疗的比例最高。 65      岁及以上人群的死亡率较低， 与随年龄增长而稳步增加的其他卫生专业人员的出诊率形成 对比 contrasted。造成这种差异的原因可能包括老年人接受 acceptance 补充疗法therapi  es 的程度较低。另外， 老年人可能与年轻人有不同的治疗重点， 因为他们的健康状况普  遍较差，而他们的收入普遍较低。

117. Multi-cultural society 多元文化的社会

Australia is a dynamic multi-cultural society, viewed by many as the world's most desirable

place to live. Here Frank Welsh traces Australia's intriguing and varied history to examine how  this society emerged, from its ancient Aborigine tribes and earliest British convict settlements

to today's modern nation - one that retains strong links with its colonial past but is increasingly independent and diverse.

澳大利亚作为一个充满活力的多元文化社会，被许多人认为是世界上最宜居的国家之一。 FW 追寻澳大利亚有趣多变的历史，去探寻examine 这个社会是如何出现 emerged  的。

从他古代的土著部落， 到早期的英国殖民 settlements 到今天的现代国家。这个国家依旧 保留着 retains 与过去殖民统制的联系。但是于此同时，这个国家又在变得更加地 increas ingly 独立 independent 和多元化。

118. Votes 投票

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and  many academics have tried. The    difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician's face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a

disarming grin or a facetious smirk? It's hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.

试图证明美貌能赢得选票是很诱人的，许多学者也曾尝试过。困难之处 difficulty 在于， 美存在于旁观者 beholder  的眼中，你不可能不带着一层外来偏见的面纱去看一个政客的 脸。乔治 ·布什是带着让人放松的笑容，还是滑稽的傻笑 smirk?很难找到一个人，在不 评估他的政治和身体的 physically 情况下，就能看到总统。

119. Halcyon days 太平盛世

Those were his halcyon days when his music was constantly heard in Venice, and his influence

blanketed Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, performing and overseeing productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's scores, copied them for      performance and arranged some for other instruments.

那是他在威尼斯经常听到他的音乐时的宁静日子，他的影响力席卷 blanketed  了欧洲。

他大部分时间都在路上，表演 performing 和监察着他的音乐作品。 在德国，巴赫研究了 维瓦尔第的作品，复制了一些，并改编 arranged  了一些用在其他乐器里。

120. The allure of the book 书的诱惑

The allure of the book has always been negative and positive, for the texts and pictures

between the covers have helped many young readers to discover and grasp the world around them in a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and

publishers to prey upon young readers' dispositions and desires and to sell them a menu that turns out to be junk food.

书籍的魅力总是消极或者积极的 positive，因为封面的文本和图片帮助很多年轻读者用满 意并意义的方式发现 discover 并捕捉到书里的世界。但是吸引力也让作者和出版社掠夺 p rey 年轻读者的荷包和期望，为了卖给sell 他们一个菜单之后发现是垃圾食品。

121. Personal life 私人生活

In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mikes research is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years,   he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic     bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology.      He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mikes nonscientific    interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives beside a

peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus) .

他获得 2001 ，2003  的奖。Mike 的研究聚焦在 focused 细菌在极端环境下

environments  的生存，在过去的 12 年里，他研究了一个常年冰川覆盖地方的微生物。除 了他的研究文献，他作为微生物杂志journal 首席编辑编撰了一个关于的记录详细准确的 细菌存活了 10 几年的论文 treatise。他目前在这个杂志工作。 Mike 非科研方面的兴趣 int erests 包括林业，阅读，照顾他的狗和马。他和他的妻子， Nancy ，5  只狗和 4  匹马住在  一个安静祥和的河边 beside

122. Dog 狗狗

A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective   breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion   of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to

understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of

material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research

Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.

狗是人类最好的朋友，但人却不常是狗最好的朋友。经过几个世纪的选择性 selective 育  种，狗已经产生与狼一样奇异的变形了。的确，当这种变形在人群中同样出现时，人们将 它当成一种疾病 pathologies。狗类繁殖为人们提供了许多机会，来了解控制体型的因

素。系谱宝的血统记录良好， 生成时间短，产仔数 litter 相当大，因此有大量的材料可供 使用。此外 Moreover 根据定义，品种的基因是先天决定的，这样就更加简化了基因分析 的过程。美国国家人类基因研究所的艾莲?奥斯瑞德希望能了解特定血统中表现性征的相 关基因根据，那些跟她抱有同样想法的人也同时找到了理想的 ideal 实验动物。

123. Space work 空间工作

The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines,    and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send     seeds to them to investigate how seeds change their biological character. When outside the    craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish.

宇航员的太空工作可以在内部或外部 outside 进行，他们可以在内部监控机器，工作是在 飞船旁边进行的 carried。他们还需要确保太空旅行 travel。在飞船外面，他们可以看到种 子在太空中的反应。一些种子公司把种子送到他们那里去研究 investigate 种子是如何改  变它们的生物学特性的。在飞船外面，他们可以进行实验或者清理太空垃圾。

解析：

Journey 可作名词动词， n.旅行、行程； Vi.旅行。这里的旅行指的是距离较远的旅行，远途旅行，且不 强调回到出发点。

Travel 可作名词和动词， n.旅行；Vi.旅行，行进。 Travel 所指的旅行是长距离的旅行，如：国外旅行。 Trip 同样可作名词和动词，所指的旅行指的是短距离旅行，花费时间较短。日常用语中可与 journey 相 互替换。

124. Sportswomen 女运动员

Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need to get out and start interviewing  people, not to put too fine a point on it, while    we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the

stories are lost too.

女运动员的记录很重要，需要保存。 如果纸质记录不存在 exist, ，我们需要离开并开始采 访人们，而不是对它提出太高的要求 point ，而我们仍然有机会。 毕竟，如果记录没有以 某种形式保存，那么故事也会丢失 lost。

125. Essays 论文

Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and

construct an argument, as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a 'regurgitation' of everything your lecture has said throughout the course.

Essays are your opportunity to explore in greater depth.

论文被用作评估工具， 用于评估 evaluate 您研究主题和构建论证 argument  的能力，以 及您对主题内容的理解 argument 。 这并不意味着论文是整个 throughout 课程中讲座所 说内容的“反刍”。 论文是您更深入 depth 探索的机会。

126. University science 高校科技

University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such    as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according      to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol, and Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most

recently, Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on "market

forces," and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed on a fallin

student applications, but money is a factor : chemistry degrees are expensive to provide -

compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the government

concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, increase the risk.

大学科学现在正处于真正的危机之中——尤其是像化学这样的非目的性、非学术性的学  科。据英国皇家化学学会称， 自 1996 年以来， 已有 28 所大学停止提供化学学位。该协  会预测，到 2014 年，只有 6 个学院(达勒姆大学、剑桥大学、帝国理工大学、伦敦大学学 院、布里斯托尔大学和牛津大学)能够继续开放。最近，埃克塞特大学关闭了化学系，将  其归咎于“市场力量”，布里斯托尔接纳了一些难民。闭包被归咎于学生申请下降

fall,但钱是一个因素 factor:化学度是昂贵的提供,与英语相比,例如, 一些科学家说 say,政府 对少数集中研究经费 funding 最高部门,如布里斯托尔,增加风险 risk。

127. The horned desert viper 沙漠毒蛇

The horned desert viper's ability to hunt at night always has puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears.

Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of

Munich in Germany have developed a computer model of the snake's auditory system to

explain how the snake "hears" its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers   have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of

the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. "The snakes don't have external

eardrums," says van Hemmen. "So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won't hear it."

有角的沙漠毒蛇在夜间捕猎的能力总是困扰着生物学家。虽然它的头 head 埋在沙子里， 但只要猎物出现就能高精度地击打它。现在，德国慕尼黑工业大学的年轻和物理学家 Leo  van Hemmen 和 Paul Friedel  已经开发了蛇的听觉系统 system  的计算机模型， 以解释蛇如 何“听到”它的猎物而没有真正的耳朵。尽管这些毒蛇的内 internal 耳可以听到 200 到 1   000 赫兹之间的频率 frequencies ，但是它们正在探测到的不是老鼠匆忙的声音。 “蛇没  有外耳膜 eardrums，” van Hemmen 说。 “因此，除非老鼠穿着靴子并开始踩踏，否则  蛇不会听到它。”

128. Locust 蚱蜢

Fancy a locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it’s a different

story. Edible insects – termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs –  are on the menu for an estimated 80 percent of the world’s population. More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “Kungu cakes” – made from midges –    are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating – or entomophagous-hotspot,

where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper

butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram. Eating insects make nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80  percent

protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc, and thiamine. What do they taste like? Ants

have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of

watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects  are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is

acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.

想吃蝗虫当午餐吗?也许不是， 如果你住在西方，但在其他地方情况就不同了。可食用昆 虫——白蚁、竹节虫、蜻蜓、蚱蜢和巨型水蝽——据估计占世界人口的80%。全世界有 1

000 多种昆虫。例如，在非洲部分地区， 用蠓制作的昆骨蛋糕是一道美味佳肴

delicacy。墨西哥是一个以昆虫为食或食虫的热点地区，有 200 多种昆虫被食用。对龙舌 兰的需求 Demand 如此之高，以至于包括白龙舌兰蠕虫在内的 40 种龙舌兰正面临威胁。

这些龙舌兰巨蜥蝴蝶毛虫的售价 fetch 约为每公斤 250 美元。吃昆虫有营养意义。有些比 肉或鱼含有更多的蛋白质。例如，雌性舞毒蛾的蛋白质含量约为 80%。昆虫也是维生素

和矿物质的良好来源 source:在安哥拉食用的一种毛毛虫(Usta Terpsichore)富含铁、锌和硫 胺素。它们尝起来像什么?很明显，蚂蚁有柠檬味， 而巨大的水虫则有薄荷味， 而火蚁蛹  则有西瓜味。你可能已经在不经意间品尝过其中的一些， 因为昆虫在其他食物中经常是偶 然的游客。美国食品和药物管理局甚至发布了某些食物中允许含有多少昆虫成分的指导方 针。例如，225 克通心粉含有 225 个昆虫碎片是可以接受的。

129. Kashmiri 克什米尔人

Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young

travelers and wide-eyed Japenese. Carpet-sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of

anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided

unusual accommodation. The economy boomed. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist

militancy attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people    bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives, proved in 1995 when five young

Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.

20 年前，每年春天喀什米尔的船屋主人们都摩拳擦掌地期待着每年涌入的游客

tourists。从 5 月到 10 月，达尔湖被风信子淹没的水域里 waters 可以看到一队队画的栩 栩如生的印加罗载着印第安的族人们。然后， 1989 年，分离主义者和伊斯兰激进分子发 动袭击 attacked ，一切都变了。印度教徒和无数的克什米尔商人逃跑了 bolted，十年

内，至少 35000 人被杀，河水停滞，船只腐烂。1995 年五名年轻的欧洲人被绑架和杀 害，证明了任何敢于去那里的外国人都会有生命 lives 危险。

130. The writing on the wall 墙上的笔迹

The inevitable consequences include rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive Chinese companies, chronic waste of resources, rampant environmental degradation, and      soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of an ideologically bankrupt

communist party is inconsistent with the pluralism of opinion, security of property and vibrant competition on which a dynamic economy depends. As a result, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and institution developed elsewhere.

不可避免的后果包括 include 猖獗的腐败、缺乏具有全球竞争力的中国企业、长期的

chronic 资源浪费、严重的环境恶化 degradation 和日益加剧的不平等。最重要的是， 意  识形态破产的共产党对权力的垄断， 与充满活力的经济所依赖的多元观念、财产安全以及 充满活力的竞争不一致 inconsistent。因此，中国的发展仍然依赖于其他国家开发的技术  和制度。

131. Fawaz Siddiqi 法瓦兹西迪基

In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is  more like the job of

chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians’ practices don’t just need to know medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and     make difficult marketing and legal decisions. “The focus in medical school is to train a good

doctor, but part of being a good doctor is a good manager,” says Fawaz Siddiqi, a

neurosurgical resident at the London Health Sciences Center in Canada. It’s having a core

understanding of how to work within the context of an organization. The desire to be a “good  manager” is precisely the reason Dr. Siddiqi, who aspires one day to run a hospital, decided to go back to school. This past autumn he enrolled in a health-sector MBA program at the Ivy

School of Business at the University of Western Ontario.

在瞬息万变的现代医疗领域， 医生的工作更像是首席执行官的工作。医院和医生的执业人

员 run 不仅仅需要了解医学 medicine。他们还必须能够平衡 balance 预算，鼓动

motivate 庞大多样的 diverse 员工队伍，做出 make 艰难的营销和法律决定 decisions。加 拿大伦敦健康科学中心的神经外科住院医师 Fawaz Siddiqi 说: “医学院的重点是培养一名  好医生，但作为一名好医生的一部分就是一个好的管理者。”它是对如何在组织中工作的 核心理解。成为一名“好经理”的愿望，正是 Siddiqi 博士决定重返校园的原因。Siddiqi      博士立志 aspire 有一天能经营一家医院。去年秋天，他报名 enrolled 参加了西安大略大  学毅伟商学院的一个医疗行业 MBA 项目。

132. Outer space affect 外太空影响

Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment --- - such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) --- result in loss of bone density and      damage to the body's muscles. That's partly why stays aboard the ISS are restricted at six

months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20 or 30 vision

deteriorated after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned to Earth.

研究人员已经知道，长时间在失重的环境中 environment——比如在国际空间站(ISS)—— 会导致骨密度下降和身体肌肉 muscles 受损 damage。这就是为什么在国际空间站停留的 时间限制 restricted 在 6 个月。现在， 一些美国国家航空和宇宙航行局的宇航员报告说， 他们在太空呆了一段时间后， 20/30  的视力消失 vision deteriorated  了，许多人回到地球  后需要眼镜。

133. The Roman people 罗马民众

Built in 1880 on 4,000 acres of land outside of the Chicago city limits, Pullman, Illinois, was the first industrial planned community in the United States. George Pullman, of the Pullman

railroad Car Company, built the south residential portion of the company town first, which contained 531 houses, some of which stand today more or less as they did originally.

1880 年，伊利诺伊州普尔曼市芝加哥市郊的 4000 英亩土地 land 上建成，是美国第一个 工业计划社区 community。普尔曼火车公司的乔治 ·普尔曼首先建造了公司镇的南部住 宅区，其中包括 531 栋房子 houses，其中一些现在或多或少像原来那样矗立着。

134. Symphony 交响乐

Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brickhouses. In the early evening or on a weekend

morning, you'll hear the sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward drab skyscrapers, and   you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In   China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture. It's fortissimo in Shanghai,  home to China's oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in   farther-flung areas. Commanding 100-200 ($12.50- $25) per hour, private music teachers in

Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income.

远离上海高速公路的隆隆声和购物区的喧嚣，漫步在高高耸立的砖砌房屋 houses 旁边的 街道上。在傍晚或周末的早晨，您会听到古典音乐从钢琴上飘来的 drifting 声音

sound，十岁或七十年代的祖母演奏。沿着另一条小巷走向 Wander 单调的摩天大楼

skyscrapers，你会听到贝多芬或莫扎特从小提琴，或者大提琴，手风琴或长笛流淌。在   中国，古典音乐与 1812 年序曲一样蓬勃发展 booming。在上海，这里是中国最古老的管 弦乐队的所在地，在北京和其他热闹的城市中是强大的，在远离喧嚣的地区也是如此。上 海的私人音乐教师每小时指挥 100-200 美元（12.50-25 美元），可以轻松赚取五倍于人均 月收入的平均水平。

135. Just-in-time 正刚好原则

‘Just-in-time,’ is a management philosophy and not a technique.  It originally referred to the     production of goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity, whether the ‘customer’ is the final purchaser of the product or another process further along the

production line. It has now come to mean producing with minimum waste.

刚好原则是一种哲学而不是技术，它原来是指精准满足客户的需求 demand，不论

whether 这个顾客是不是最终的买家还是需要另一个更深远的further 生产线上的工序。 它现在的意思是在最小 minimum  的浪费下生产。

136. Enigma 谜

And if the voice of an animal is not heard as message but as art, interesting things start to

happen: Nature is no longer an alien enigma, but instead something immediately beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have always been called songs for a  reason.

如果你把动物的声音当成艺术而不是信息来听，有意思的事情就发生了。大自然就不再是 一个谜 enigma ，一个充满活动作品 exuberant opus  的地方等着我们加入，鸟的旋律被称 为歌声是有一定原因的 reason

137. Lure New Students 吸引新学生

In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton - have moved away from the unofficial missions and

prerequisite of four years' work experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called “early career” professionals with only a couple years of work under       their belt.

为了吸引 lure 新的学生, 著名商学院——包括哈佛大学、斯坦福大学、芝加哥大学和沃顿 商学院——已经搬走了非官方的任务和四年的工作经验先决条件 prerequisite,相反

instead  已经盯上了应届毕业生和 以往经历中只有两年的工作的 所谓的“早期职业生涯” （的）专业人员 professionals

138. Reality (Camus' test)加缪试验

Surely, the reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one

extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it’s easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals  directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first encountering Camus’ text, I’ve learned     that modern science tells a very different story.

当然，现实就是我们想象的那个样子。现实通过我们的经历被揭露 revealed 出来，在某  一个程度上 extend, 我们大多数人都有一样的现实观，即使只是隐含的 implicitly。我自己 每天也是这样想的 thinking。我们很容易就被大自然的表面现象所诱惑 seduced,  自从邂  逅 encountering Camus 理论，我发现大自然在讲述tells 一个不一样的故事。

139. Estee Lauder 雅诗兰黛

She transformed beauty into big business by cultivating classy sales methods and giving away   samples. Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she “was growing a mice little business.” And that it is. A little business that controls    45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118

countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business; there weren't houses in  New York. Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one

person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing

department as needed. You more or less know the Estee Lauder story because it's a chapter

from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in  New

York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the potions were good – Estee Lauder was  a quality fanatic - but the sales lady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked

everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space,  she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin

regimens and perfumes.

雅诗兰黛控制着 controls 45%的市场，它不是迅速发展起来的， 一个换着 changed 嗓音装 成一个部门，老爸是开五金店的，兰黛夫人开始她的事业 enterprise 是卖混合面霜，她是 个质量狂，工作狂，追踪 stalk 老板要个摊位，利用销售技巧， 有效 potent  的养生。

140. Wolf 狼

From the wolf's perspective, this is clearly good news. But it also had beneficial  effects on the ecology of the park, according to a study published in 2004 by William Ripple and Robert

Beschta from Oregon State University. In their paper in BioScience, the two researchers

showed that reintroducing the wolves was correlated with the increased growth of willow and cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as elk were avoiding sites from      which they couldn't easily escape, the scientists claimed. And as the woody plants and trees

grew taller and thicker, beaver colonies expanded.

从狼的角度来说，这是个好消息。在他们的生物科学论文中， 2 个研究人员证明了重新引 进狼 reintroducing 和公园里增长的柳树和棉花树有关 correlated。为什么？因为像麋鹿

这样的食草动物都会避开 avoiding 那些不容易逃跑的地方，科学家如是说 claimed。随着树木长高和变粗，海狸的栖息地 colonies 也在扩大。

141. Planes 航班

By 2025, government experts' say, America 's skies will swarm with three times as many as

planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes, competing for space with remotely operated drones that

need help avoiding midair collisions, and with commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.

政府专家说，到 2025 年，美国的天空将以飞机的数量 many 增加三倍 times，而不仅仅  是今天飞行的那种交通。 在客机高度将有成千上万的 thousands 小型喷气式飞机，座位  数不超过 6 架，与需要帮助避免空中altitudes 碰撞的 collisions 遥控无人机竞争太空，以 及携带卫星 satellites 和游客进入太空的商业火箭。